Monga hutspot yake yotchuka, zakudya zamakono za ku Netherlands ndizokhazikitsidwa ndi zochitika zamtundu komanso zakunja, zomwe zikuchitika posachedwapa pa zosiyana siyana za mtunduwo ndi zina zomwe zikupita zaka mazana ambiri.
Zochitika Zakale
Ochepa amadziwika za anthu omwe adalipo Chikhristu chisanayambe, koma chikoka chawo pa chakudya cha Dutch chikhoza kupirira kufikira lero monga mikate yopanga chikondwerero monga duivekater ; mikate yokazinga ndi kake monga krakelingen ; ndipo chikhalidwe cha Dutch Easter chimachita , zokongoletsa ndi zikondwerero, zomwe zimachokera ku zopereka zophiphiritsira za zipembedzo zakale zam'deralo.
Chikoka cha Aroma chotsatira chinamveka patatha nthawi yochepa ya Ufumu wa Roma: kukoma kwa zokometsetsa zokoma ndi zokometsera zomwe Aroma adaziphika pogwiritsira ntchito zonunkhira monga tsabola wakuda ndi woyera, zitsamba ndi madzi amchere a liquamen kapena garamu (ofanana ndi Vietnamese nuoc mam ).
Ukapolo oyambirira wa zonunkhira za ku Asia unapindulitsa palame ya ku Central America. Malonda ankatumizidwa ndi malo kudzera ku Asia kupita ku doko la Levantine la Mediterranean kumene sitima za Venetian zinazitengera ku Italy. Kuchokera kumeneko ankagulitsidwa kumpoto m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi misewu, ndipo ankasinthanitsa ku madera okwera a ku France kwa zinthu za kumpoto kwa Ulaya, monga nsalu za ubweya wa nkhosa ndi matabwa.
Mafuta omwe ankagulitsidwa ankaphatikizapo omwe ankadziwika ndi omwe ankakonda kale, monga tsabola, ginger, cardamom ndi safironi, komanso makonda okondedwa kwambiri monga cinamoni, mtedza, mace, cloves ndi galangal. Zosakaniza zatsopano zatsopanozi zinakhala zokongola m'khoti ndi pakhomo, mwinamwake chifukwa cha mtengo wawo wapamwamba, umene unapangitsanso ulemu wa mwiniwakeyo.
Zomwezo zikhoza kunenedwa ndi mankhwala ena ochokera Kum'maŵa omwe anapeza njira yopita kumadzulo kwa Ulaya kupyolera mu zipolowe za nkhondo: shuga wa nzimbe. Shuga anali okwera mtengo kwambiri kuposa uchi (ndiye wotsekemera wadziko lonse) ndipo, monga zonunkhira zambiri, amapezeka kwa anthu osankhidwa.
Kuphunzira maphikidwe a zaka za m'ma Medieval, zikuonekeratu kuti zakudya ndi zowonjezera zomwe tikhoza kuziika tsopano monga Mediterranean kapena Asia anali atadziwika kale ndi ophika omwe amagwira ntchito muzipinda zodyera ku Dutch m'zaka za m'ma 1500 ndi m'ma 1600, nthawi zambiri zisanachitike zambiri ndi zakudya zowonedwa kuti "ChiDutch." Mabuku oyambirira ophikira ophikira ophikira m'mikono ya mabanja achifumu a ku Ulaya anakopedwa kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma 1500 ndi 1500, kotero kuti maphikidwe a Italy ndi French adalowa m'khitchini ya Dutch nthawi yomweyo.
Buku loyamba lofalitsa mabuku ku Netherlands linafalitsidwa ndi Thomas van der Noot ku Brussels pamutu wakuti Een notabel boecxken van cokeryen ("Buku lodziwika bwino la kuphika") pafupifupi 1514. Maphikidwe awa amasonyeza kuti chakudya cha Dutch bourgeois chinakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi French, Kuphika kwa Chingerezi ndi Chijeremani, zomwe zinagwirizanitsana.
Edible Imports
Mitundu yambiri yomwe timakonda lero imangotengedwa m'zaka za m'ma 1600. Pasanapite nthawi, mphodza zokha, nkhuku ndi nyemba zambiri zimadziwika ku Ulaya. Mbatata, zomwe tsopano zikuwoneka ngati mbali yaikulu ya kuphika kwa Dutch, zinangowonjezera pambuyo popezeka ku America, ndipo sizinakhale chakudya cha anthu pamaso pa zaka za zana la 18. Pofika zaka za m'ma 1600, nyumba za ku Netherlands ndi nyumba za nyumba zamtendere zinali zolemekezeka chifukwa cha mavitamini awo, komwe zipatso za vitamini C, monga mandimu ndi malalanje, komanso zipatso zina komanso zitsamba zinakula. Zomwe zimatchedwa "machenjeza" ndizo zatsogolera zomera za masiku ano.
Ngakhale mowa unali chakumwa cha anthu wamba, vinyo nayenso ankamwa mowa wokondedwa m'zaka za zana la 16. Zambiri zinatumizidwa kuchokera ku France ndi ku Germany, komabe palinso zokolola zapanyanja ku Netherlands panthawi ino. Vinyo wa Rhine ndi Mosel anali otchuka ndi apamwamba, komanso vinyo wotsekemera, wotchedwa Bastart (wofanana ndi vinyo wa Marsala).
Kampani ya Dutch East India ( Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie kapena VOC ku Dutch), inakhazikitsidwa mu 1602 ndipo inathandizira kulenga ufumu wamphamvu wa Netherlands ku East 1700. Pokhala ndi likulu lawo mumzinda wa Batavia (womwe panopo uli ku Jakarta, ku Indonesia) ndi malonda a malonda ku India, Sumatra, Borneo ndi Java, VOC nthawi zambiri imatchedwa dziko loyamba padziko lonse lapansi ndipo linali kampani yoyamba kutulutsa katundu. Makampani oyang'anira malonda omwe amagulitsa katunduwa ankaphatikizapo nsomba, sinamoni, cloves, tiyi, mpunga, khofi , tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso mace. Ngakhale zambiri za zonunkhirazo zinali zowonedwa kale ku Netherlands, zinali zodula kwambiri ndipo zinakhalapo mpaka kampani ya Dutch East India inayamba kubwezeretsa zombozi, ndikuziika pafupi ndi anthu wamba achi Dutch.
Nyumba zoyambirira za khofi ku Dutch zinatsegulidwa mu 1663 ku The Hague ndi Amsterdam. Pofika m'chaka cha 1696, mtengo wamtengo wapatali wa khofi unayambitsa VOC kuti ikhale ndi khofi ku Java. Pofika zaka za m'ma 1700, tiyi, khofi ndi chokoleti yotentha ndizozidya zamakono za tsikulo, zotamandika chifukwa cha zomwe zimatchedwa "mankhwala." Okhawokha okha ndiwo angakhoze kuwapatsa iwo, komabe. Zitatenga kanthawi zisanafike kuti zinthu zonse zapamwamba zitha kufika kwa aliyense.
VOC inathetsedwa mu 1799, koma inasiya cholowa chosatha ku khitchini ya Dutch. Zakudya zambiri zotchuka ku Netherlands zimapangidwa ndi zokometsera za VOC: maswiti owuma monga nsomba zam'madzi, tchizi ndi makola ndi chitowe komanso ma cookies okondedwa kwambiri, kuphatikizapo speculaas, kruidnoten , pepernoten , jan hagel , stroopwafels ndi taai-taai .
Kuphika Kwachikoloni
Ndi maiko ndi malo okhala mu Africa, Asia, North America ndi Caribbean, Netherlands anali nthawi yambiri mphamvu zamphamvu zamakoloni. Zilumba za Spice zinkaonedwa kuti ndizovala zamtengo wapatali mu korona wa chikoloni ndipo Dutch adalandira chakudya cha Indonesian osati m'madera okha, koma kunyumba. Rijsttafel ya ku Indonesian (kwenikweni, "tebulo la mpunga") inali chipangizo cha Dutch, chomwe chinaphatikizapo miyambo ya mipikisano yambiri ya chigawo kukhala chakudya chokondwerera chimene chinali, mwinamwake, "zakudya zokoma" zoyambirira za mbale zing'onozing'ono, pamodzi ndi mpunga ndi zokometsera zokometsera. Tsopano, Dutch amatenga chakudya cha Indonesian kuti chikhale chachikhalidwe cha anthu ndipo mwachiwonekere amatenga alendo kunja kwa malo odyera ku Indonesian pamene akusangalala. Zakudya monga mbuzi zamanga, babi ketjap ndi satay ndizofunikira kwambiri m'nyumba zamakono zamakono zamakono, pamene bamischijf (chotukuka chakudya chaching'ono cha mkate wambiri) ndi patat sate (Dutch fries ndi msuzi wa satay) ndi zitsanzo zabwino za Indo-Dutch zakudya zosakaniza.
Mwina n'zosadabwitsa kuti mayiko omwe kale anali a Dutch ku Suriname ndi Netherlands Antilles sanawononge kwambiri kuphika kwa Dutch, ngakhale kuti akuwombera mowirikiza. Ena amanena kuti anthu a ku Surinamese ndi Antillean omwe amachoka kudziko lina akhala akuphika okha, ndipo zotsatira zake sizinapangidwe kwambiri monga chi Indonesia, Turkey kapena Moroccan.
Masiku ano, mungapeze malo osamalidwa a sandwich a Surinamese ndi toko (ogulitsa sitolo) ogulitsa Surinamese ndi zakudya za Antileya ndi zakudya zopseketsa, pamene mowa wa ginger ndi plantains akuyamba kupita ku masamulo a masitolo.
Otsatira a Turkey ndi Morocco
Antchito ochokera ku Turkey ochokera ku Turkey anabwera ku Netherlands kumapeto kwa zaka zapitazo. Pamene iwo ankakhazikitsa nyumba yokhazikika ku Netherlands, ambiri adatsegula mabitolo ndi malo odyera. Ndipotu, kuchuluka kwa malo odyera ku Turkish ndi Morocco ku Netherlands kwakhala kothandiza kwambiri kuti adziwitse Dutch ndi chakudya cha Turkey ndi Moroccan. Ndipo chifukwa chosavuta kugula zinthu zonse m'masitolo ang'onoang'ono osamukira kufupi ndi pangodya, Hollanders ayamba kuyesa manja awo ku maphikidwe ena a Turkey ndi a Moroko kunyumba. Zakudya monga couscous, hummus ndi tajines zakhala zosakondweretsa tsiku ndi tsiku m'zaka makumi angapo. Ma pizza a Turkish, kofte, kebabs ndi pita ndi zakudya zambiri zapamsewu komanso ophika a Dutch amagwiritsa ntchito Moroccan merguez sausages , masiku, harissa phala , Turkish bulghur tirigu , makangaza ndi mkate m'njira zatsopano zatsopano.
A Dutch Legacy
Dziko la Netherlands limanenanso kuti m'mayiko omwe kale anali m'madera ndi madera. The oliebol , yomwe inatengedwa kupita ku New World ndi oyambirira a ku Dutch, mwinamwake anasanduka mwapadera. Ku South Africa, oliebol ndiwotchulidwa koeksusters ndi vetkoek . Mosiyana ndi mawu akuti, " Monga American monga pie apulo," a Dutch akhala akuphika iwo asanakhale USA, ndipo mwinamwake anatenga chikhalidwe chawo Dutch apulo mapepala nawo ku New World. Odzipereka a ku Dutch adakondanso mchere ku USA ndi South Africa, ndipo adapatsa mkaka wokondedwa wake mkaka ndi soetkoekies (mofanana ndi ma cookies). A Dutch adatulutsanso ku North America, ndipo ngakhale mawu akuti cookie amalipira mawu otchedwa etymology ku Dutch word koekje .
Zowonjezera: zonunkhira ndi Zithunzi: Mapepala Osonkhanitsidwa pa Zakudya Zakale ndi Johanna Maria van Winter ( Prospect Books, 2007); Brood- en gebakvormen en hunne beteekenis mu folklore ( " Mkate- ndi mawonekedwe a zikopa ndi tanthauzo lawo mu fuko ") ndi JH Nannings (Interbook International, 1974); Kastelenkookboek ("Castle Cookbook") ndi Robbie dell 'Aira (Uitgeverij Kunstmag, 2011); Koks & Keukenmeiden ("Cooks and Kitchen") ndi J. Van Dam ndi J. Witteveen (Nijgh & Van Ditmar, 1996); Die Geskiedenis van Boerekos ("History of the Boer Kitchen") ndi HW Claassens (Protea Boekhuis, 2006).