Ngati mwakhalapo ku sukulu yophunzitsa zakudya, kapena mwinamwake mutatenga chakudya chokhala ndi chakudya kuti mukhale ovomerezeka monga wogwira ntchito yowonjezera, mumadziwa zonse za FAT TOM.
Koma ophika kunyumba akhoza kuphunzira zambiri mwa kudziwa FAT TOM, nayenso.
Kodi (kapena Kodi?) Ndi FAT TOM?
FAT TOM ikuwoneka ngati angakhale munthu wamkulu wophimba mkanjo woyera yemwe amatha kubwera ku khitchini kuti athandize mbatata.
Chimene chikanakhala chachikulu, sichoncho?
Koma zoona zake n'zakuti FAT TOM ndi chipangizo chothandizira kukumbukira zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chakudya chisawonongeke.
"Zakudya zimawonongeka" amatanthawuza kusintha kulikonse ku chakudya chimene chimachititsa kuti icho chikhale 1) chachikulu kapena 2) choopsa.
Zilibe chinthu chimodzimodzi, ngakhale kuti zonsezi zimayambitsidwa ndi kukula kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga mabakiteriya ndi nkhungu. Komabe, simungayambe kudwala chifukwa cha nkhungu , zakudya zonunkhira, chifukwa chophweka kuti ndinu (mwina) musadye.
Zoopsa kwenikweni zimachokera ku mabakiteriya ena omwe amatchedwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, zomwe zimayambitsa poizoni . Zamoyo zimenezi sizimapangitsa fungo lililonse, kutuluka kwa dzuwa, kapena kusintha kwina kulikonse kumene mungathe kuzindikira ndi mphamvu zanu. Simudziwa ngakhale kuti iwo ali kumeneko mpaka mutayamba kumva kuti ndikumva chisoni kapena kukupwetekani kapena ayi.
Popeza simungathe kuwona kapena kununkhira mabakiteriya awa, ndikofunika kusunga ndikugwiritsira ntchito chakudya chanu pochepetsa mwayi woti akule.
Ndi pamene FAT TOM imalowa. FAT TOM imayimira:
- F ood
- Chimodzimodzi
- Tachedwa
- T kutentha
- O xygen
- M oisture
Zomwe zikutanthauza, njira yabwino kwambiri yolongosola izi ndizoyendetsa, koma mwachiwonekere, palibe maonekedwe abwino omwe angapangidwe kuchokera ku MOTTAF kapena TMOTAF - osachepera chimodzimodzi monga FAT TOM. Tiyeni tipyole iwo mmodzi ndi mmodzi.
Mthunzi
Mofanana ndi ife, mabakiteriya amafuna madzi kuti apulumuke, choncho chinyontho ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu zokhudzana ndi kukula kwa bakiteriya. Zakudya monga nyemba zouma ndi mpunga wosaphika zidzakhala kwa nthawi yaitali kutentha. Inde, kuyanika zakudya ndi imodzi mwa njira zoyambirira zodziŵira chakudya.
Chitsanzo chimodzi chodziwika cha izi ndi chachikulu. Anthu akhala akusunga nyama zochepa ndi nsomba mwa kuuma kwa zaka zikwi zambiri. Kuwotcha dzuwa, kuyanika mpweya, ndi kusuta ndi njira zofala zomwe zimachotsera madzi pakudya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zisakwanire mabakiteriya.
Kuchiritsa zakudya zamchere ndi shuga kungathenso kuchepetsa mabakiteriya m'madzi omwe amawafuna. Amachita izi mwa njira yotchedwa osmosis. Pakagwiritsidwe ntchito kunja kwa chakudya, mchere ndi shuga zimatulutsa chinyezi kuchokera mkati mwa chakudyacho kumtunda, kumene zimayambira. Mchere ndi shuga zimabweretsa pang'onopang'ono ndi mabakiteriya okha - potulutsa madzi kuchokera mwa iwo pamakoma awo, ndikuwapha ndi kutaya thupi.
Oxygen
Chinthu china chimene mabakiteriya amafunikira ndicho oxygen. ( Ambiri mwa iwo , panopa.) Confit ndi njira yapadera yosungira chakudya kuchokera nthawi yomwe friji isanayambe. Bakha lachikale limaphatikizapo kuphika miyendo ya bakha mu mafuta a bakha, kenako kuziika mu khola lokhala ndi mafuta.
Mafuta olimbitsa thupi amapanga chisindikizo chotsitsimula, chochotsa mabakiteriya a oksijeni.
Njira imodzi yodalirika yosungira chakudya ndi kuikweza, njira yomwe mpweya umachokera mu chidebe ndi mphamvu ya nthunzi, yomwe imasindikizanso chotchinga chatsekedwa. Kuphimba kumudzi , kaya kumachitidwa m'madzi otentha kapena pogwiritsa ntchito mpweya wothamanga, amagwiritsa ntchito nthunzi kuti ayambe kusiyana ndi mkati mwa mtsukowo mpaka pamlengalenga kunja kwake, yomwe imatulutsa mpweya ndikuyimitsa.
M'kugulitsa zamalonda, chakudya chimasindikizidwa pamtunda wosakanikirana ndiyeno nkuwotcha. Pazochitika zonsezi, chidebecho sichidziwitsidwa - palibe mpweya womwe umalowa mkati kapena kunja. Ndipo monga momwe tiwoneramu, zotsatira zowonongeka zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kumalongeza zimathandizanso kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Kutentha
Kutentha ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe zimapangitsa kukula kwa bakiteriya.
Mabakiteriya amakonda kutentha kwabwino. Kuzizira kwambiri ndipo amachedwetsa pansi, kulowa mumtundu wina wa zojambula zosamalidwa zomwe sangabale. Iwo sali akufa, iwo samangodzipangira okha. Kapena mwina akuchita pang'onopang'ono kwambiri.
Kutentha kwambiri ndipo zimaphika, zomwe zimawapha. Mosakayikira, kupha mabakiteriya ndi njira yothandiza kwambiri popewera iwo kubereka. Monga lamulo, kutenthetsa chakudya kwa 165 F kwa masekondi 30 ndikwanira kuthetsa mabakiteriya owopsa omwe angakhale nawo.
Malo otchedwa kutentha kwa chilengedwe , kutentha komwe mabakiteriya ambiri amafalikira, kuyambira 41 F mpaka 140 F. Firiji kapena firiji yanu imakufikitsani 40 F ndi ozizira. Chakudya chowotcha, monga pa buffet, mukufuna kuti mukhale pa 140 F kapena kutentha, komwe kuli kotentha kwa mabakiteriya. Malingana ngati ayamba kutentha kwa 165 F, ndi zotetezeka kudya chakudya chowotcha pa 140 F. Koma ngati icho chikulumpha pansi, muyenera kuchibwezeretsa.
Nthawi
Chakudya chirichonse chidzapita moyipa pamapeto pake, ngakhale zitakhala zozizira kapena zamzitini kapena zopangidwa ndi jerky. Koma ndi zakudya zosungidwa, tikukamba za miyezi kapena zaka. Ndi zakudya zowonongeka kutentha, timayankhula maora.
Zakudya zowonongeka (monga nyama yatsopano yomwe mwangotenga ) ikhoza kusungidwa kutentha kwa nthawi yochepa chabe - osapitirira maora awiri palimodzi. Kutanthauza ngati mutachoka kwa ola limodzi ndikubwezeretsanso mu furiji, chakudyacho chikhoza kungokhala kunja kwa firiji kwa ola limodzi palimodzi. Sichiyamba ndi maola awiri atsopano.
Izi zili choncho chifukwa mabakiteriya amabereka mofulumira kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, pa khitchini). Amachita zimenezi mwa kudzigawa okha awiri, omwe amatha kuchita maulendo angapo pa ora, monga momwe angathere. Choncho kachilombo kamodzi kangakhale maola angapo chabe. Kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu zowonongeka sizisiya kwa maola oposa awiri kuti mabakiteriya athe kubereka.
Izi ndi zofunika chifukwa si mabakiteriya okha omwe angakuchititseni kudwala. Nthawi zina, ndizo poizoni omwe amapanga.
Mungathe kupha mabakiteriya powaphika, koma poizoniwo adakalipo.
Acidity
Kapena molondola, pH mlingo, umene uli muyeso wa momwe acidic kapena alkaline chinachake chiri. Makhalidwe a pH amalembedwa pamlingo wa 0 mpaka 14, ndipo nambala zochepa zimakhala zowonjezereka. Madzi amaonedwa ngati osalowerera ndale, ndi pH mtengo wa 7. Mabakiteriya odyetsa zakudya amakonda pH mlingo kuti asalowerere kumtunda wochepa. Ma pH a 4.5 kapena apansi amadziwika kuti ali acidic ndipo amaletsa kukula kwa mabakiteriya.
Mwachitsanzo, madzi a mandimu ali pafupi pH 2-2.5; amphesa ambiri amakhala awiri; mabala ndi jellies amachokera ku 3-4.5; ndi ketchup ndi 3.5-3.9. Kawirikawiri, chirichonse chokhala ndi pH mtengo wapansi kuposa 4.5 sichiyenera kukhala firiji.
Pickling ndi njira yosungiramo zakudya yomwe imaphatikizapo kumiza chakudya mumadzi odzola monga viniga.
Chakudya
Chotsalira, chakudya chimatanthawuza kuti mabakiteriya amafunika kudya chinachake, ndicho, chakudya chimene tikuyesera kuti tisasokoneze. Ndipo pamene zipatso, ndiwo zamasamba, ndi zowonjezera zimapezeka ndi bakiteriya spoilage, ndi zakudya zamapuloteni monga nyama, nkhuku, mkaka, mazira ndi nsomba zomwe zimatha kukhala ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Izi ndizo zakudya zomwe timaganiza kuti "zowonongeka," zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ziyenera kusungidwa mu furiji kapena friji kapena kusungidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zina zomwe takambirana pamwambapa - kusankha, kusuta, kumalongeza, ndi zina zotero.
Ngati ndi apulo kapena anyezi kapena mkate, simukusowa kudandaula kwambiri. Zidzakhala zoipa pamapeto pake, koma mukhoza kuziyika kutentha.
Kotero ndi FAT TOM. Mwachidziwikire, ndi kofunika kuti muteteze chimodzi mwa zinthu izi kuti muteteze chakudya. Muzochita, komabe, ndi lingaliro loyenera kuganizira ziwiri kapena zina. Kotero, mwa kumalongeza, mpweya umachotsedwa ndipo chakudya chimatenthedwa kupha mabakiteriya.