Chakudya chowonongeka chimayambitsidwa ndi tizilombo ting'onoting'ono timene timatchedwa mabakiteriya. Mabakiteriya ali paliponse pamene tikupita, ndipo ambiri a iwo samatilakwira. Ndipotu ena mwa iwo ndi abwino kwa ife.
Kodi Mabakiteriya Amatani?
Pamene zamoyo zikupita, mabakiteriya ndi okongola kwambiri. Chifukwa chimodzi, sangathe kusuntha. Nthaŵi yokha yomwe amapita kulikonse ndi pamene wina akuwatsogolera. (Onani: Kodi Kupanikizika Ndi Chiyani? ) Apo ayi, iwo amakhala pomwe iwo ali.
Ngati ali ndi mwayi, amadya, ndipo ngati ali ndi mwayi, amayamba kubereka.
Amachita izi mwa kugawidwa m'magulu awiri ofanana. Ndiyeno chirichonse cha izo chimagawanika, ndi zina zotero ndi zina zotero. Ena amatha kuchita izi kawiri kapena katatu pa ora.
Mwamwayi, patapita nthawi, chakudya chathu chimawonongeka, chifukwa ndizo zomwe akukhala - chakudya chathu. Makamaka zakudya zomwe zili ndi mapuloteni, monga nyama, nkhuku, nsomba, mazira ndi mkaka.
Ndizowona kuti ena mwa iwo amapita zakudya zoperewera monga zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba, koma izo zimakhala pang'onopang'ono. Ndi chifukwa chake apulo otsalira pa khitchini kwanu kwa masiku angapo amakhalabe otetezeka kudya, pomwe mpweya sukuwoneka bwino.
Chakudya Chophwanyidwa Vs. Zakudya Zoopsa
Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti chakudya chowonongeka si chakudya chowopsa. Chifukwa chimodzi, anthu ambiri sangadye chakudya chomwe chimadetsa choipa, amawoneka mopepuka kapena chirichonse.
Ndipo simungathe kupeza poizoni wa zakudya kuchokera kuzinthu zomwe simudadye.
Komanso, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe amachititsa kuti chakudya chodziwikiratu chiwonongeke sikutivuta kwa ife. Ndipotu, zaka mazana ambiri asanayambe firiji, masiki oyambirira ndi zokometsetsa ankagwiritsira ntchito kusakaniza zolaula ndi zonunkhira za zakudya zomwe zinayamba kuwononga.
Izi zikupitirira kukhala zoona m'madera ena padziko lapansi kumene anthu alibe nyumba zafriji (zomwe, zokondweretsa kwambiri, zikuphatikizapo anthu ambiri omwe akukhala padziko lapansi lero).
Mabakiteriya omwe timakhala nawo chifukwa cha chitetezo cha chakudya ndiwo otchedwa "tizilombo toyambitsa matenda" omwe amachititsa kuti poizoni azidya . Ndipo tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, monga salmonella kapena E. coli , sizimapangitsa fungo lililonse, zosangalatsa kapena kusintha kwa maonekedwe a chakudya - mwachitsanzo, kapena kutuluka.
Kusamalira Ma Microbe
Ndiye tingayang'ane bwanji maasties awa? Njira imodzi ingakhale kuwaperekera njala. Monga taonera kale, mabakiteriya amafunikira zakudya kuti apulumuke. Chotsani chakudyacho, ndipo vuto lanu la bakiteriya limatha. Koma mwatsoka, popanda chakudya, malo ochita zamakono alibe pang'ono.
Kotero ife tiganiza kuti chakudya ndi gawo la equation. Mabakiteriya amakhala ndi zina zingapo, zofunikira, zoyenera, zomwe zimatha kulamulidwa. Pali asanu ndi limodzi mwa iwo, makamaka . Pamodzi ndi chakudya, tidzakhalanso ndi mpweya wabwino. Pokhapokha ngati muli dokotala wa luso la kudya , mukukonzekera chinachake monga bakha confit , mpweya umabwera ndi gawolo.
Icho chimasiya zinthu zina zinayi zomwe tingathe kuzilamulira:
- Kutentha
- Nthawi
- Mthunzi
- PH Level (Acidity)
Kutentha kwa Kutentha
Pali mawu mu zakudyaervice: "Sungani zakudya zozizira kuzizizira, ndipo pitirizani zakudya zotentha kwambiri."
Kusunga zakudya zozizizira kuzizira kumazitengera pa kutentha pakati pa 40 ° F, kumene kuli firiji yowonongeka, mpaka pafupifupi 0 ° F, ndipamene mukufuna kuti friji yanu ikhale. Mabakiteriya amachulukirabe kutentha, amangozichita pang'onopang'ono.
Pa kutentha kozizira, kukula kwa bakiteriya kumachepa mpaka pafupifupi nil.
Kusungunuka sikuwapha iwo, ngakhale-zonse zomwe zimachita ndikuwachititsa kuti azizizira. Mukatha kutaya chakudyacho, penyani! Mabakiteriya alionse omwe analipo asanayambe kuzizira amatha kutentha ndikuyamba kuchulukitsa kachiwiri - ndi kubwezera.
Malo Owononga Chakudya Choopsa
Mukuwona, mabakiteriya amakula pakati pa 41 ° F ndi 140 ° F, kutentha komwe kumadziwika kuti Kutentha Kwambiri . Mwina n'zosadabwitsa kuti ndikutentha komweko komwe anthu amakula.
Osati izi zokha, koma matupi athu 'kutentha kwachilengedwe kwa 98.6 ° F ndikumenyana bwino pakati pa malo oopsya, sikumangoseketsa. Mabakiteriya sangakhoze kudikira kuti alowe mkati mwa ife. Akawapanga m'matumbo athu, ali ngati mabakiteriya Mardi Gras.
Kuchepetsa choopsya chimenechi, chakudya chowonongeka sayenera kuloledwa kupitirira ola limodzi mu Malo Owononga Chakudya Chakudya. Kutalika kuposa apo ndipo ayenera kuphikidwa kapena kutayidwa kutali.
Pano pali gome lomwe limasonyeza kutentha kwapadera kwa Malo Oopsa Ozizira.
Kusunga Chakudya Chotentha Hot
Kusunga zakudya zotentha kumapereka zovuta zina. Kukula kwa bakiteriya kumachepanso kachiwiri pamtentha kutentha kwambiri kuposa 140 ° F, zakudya zotentha kwambiri zomwe zimatumizidwa ku buffet, mwachitsanzo, ziyenera kutentha kuposa nthawi zonse.
Kumbukirani kuti 140 ° F sapha mabakiteriya - imangowaletsa kuwonjezeka.
Ngati mukufuna kupha mabakiteriya, muyenera kuwawotcha mpaka 165 ° F. Lamulo lomwelo likugwiranso ntchito pa chakudya chophika chomwe chiyenera kuchitika kuti chigwe pansi pa 140 ° F - mumapeza ola limodzi. Pambuyo pake, inu muyenera kutenthezera mpaka 165 ° F kachiwiri kapena kuponyera kutali. Ndipo panjira, mungathe kubwereza kamodzi kokha. Ngati iyo ikugwa pansi pa 140 ° F kachiwiri, muyenera kuchiponyera.
Nthawi: Iyo Sidikira Munthu!
Nthawi amagwira ntchito limodzi ndi kutentha polimbikitsa kukula kwa mabakiteriya. Tiyerekeze kuti mumagula papepala la nkhuku zosaphika. Mwinamwake ziri mu galimoto yanu yogula kwa mphindi 15 pamene mumagula, ndiye kuti muli mu galimoto yanu kwa mphindi 15 pamene mukuyendetsa kunyumba. Choncho musanatenge nkhukuyo, mabakiteriya akhala ndi mphindi 30 zokwanira.
Kenaka amatha kupitilira mphindi khumi ndi zinai pa pepala yanu pomwe mukuwatsogolera, ndikubweretsa chiwerengero chokwanira kwa mphindi 45 kale. Monga mukuonera, mulibe chipinda chokwanira.
Mthunzi
Mofanana ndi zamoyo zonse, mabakiteriya amafunikira madzi kuti apulumuke. Zakudya zowonjezereka monga nyama, nkhuku, nsomba zam'madzi ndi mkaka, komanso zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba, ndizopangira malo osungira mabakiteriya owopsa. Zakudya zopanda chinyezi, kuphatikizapo mbewu zouma ndi nyemba monga mpunga kapena nyemba, nthawi zambiri zimakhala nthawi yaitali popanda kuwononga kapena kusunga mabakiteriya.
Chinthu chinanso cha chinyezi ndi chakuti kudzera mu njira yotchedwa osmosis, shuga ndi mchere zimayamwa mchere kuchokera ku mabakiteriya, zomwe zimawapha mwadzidzidzi. Chotsatira chake, mchere wamchere ndi / kapena shuga zidzasunga zakudya - ndicho chifukwa chake mchere ndi shuga zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeretsa ndi kuchiritsa zakudya.
pH mlingo (acid)
pH ndiyeso yeniyeni yowonjezera, ndipo imayenda pamtunda wa 0 mpaka 14. Chilichonse chocheperapo 7 chimawerengedwa ngati asidi ndipo chilichonse choposa 7 chimawerengedwa ngati maziko kapena alkalini. Phindu la 7 lingatengedwe ngati lolowerera. Madzi wamba, mwachitsanzo, ali ndi pH ya 7.
Pamene zikuwoneka, mabakiteriya sangathe kuima chilimbikitso kapena alkaline. Kuti mabakiteriya apite patsogolo, pH chilengedwe sichiyenera kulowerera.
Eya, ndikuganiza kuti zakudya zomwe zimagwera m'gululi ndi ziti? Yep - zochokera ku zinyama monga nsomba, nyama, nkhuku, mazira ndi mkaka.
Mosiyana ndi izi, masamba ambiri ndi pasitala ali ndi pH kwambiri pamene saphika, koma salowerera ndale - choncho, zoopsa kwambiri - zikaphika. Zakudya zamakono kwambiri monga citrus, tomato, maapulo, viniga, zipatso ndi zina zotero, sizikukhudzanso mabakiteriya kuchokera pa pH. Iwo amakula, zimangotenga nthawi yaitali.
(Ndichifukwa chake simukuyenera kusunga ketchup mu furiji . Inu simumachita zimenezo, sichoncho?)
Zotsatira
Zingawoneke ngati pali njira zambiri zowonetsera kukula kwa mabakiteriya mu chakudya chathu - komanso mwakunena, ndizoona. Koma sitingathe kulamulira nthawi. Zimapitirizabe kugwedeza ngakhale ziribe kanthu.
Ndipo pamene tikhoza kusintha zakudya zamtundu ndi zosakanizika, kudalira njira imeneyi yokha kungatanthawuze kudya nkhuku zambiri ndi mazira ophika. Pachifukwachi, kutentha kwenikweni ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakuletsa kufalikira kwa matenda obwera ndi chakudya.
Pano pali gome lomwe limasonyeza kutentha kwapadera kwa Malo Oopsa Ozizira .