Kuphika mkate wa German

Munthu akayamba kuphika mikate, amasangalala kuti akwaniritse zakudya zomwe amadya. Pambuyo pake mu mkate wawo wopatsa mkate, iwo amafuna kuphika mkate monga momwe amachitira pa bakoloni. Ndipo ngati atakhala ku Ulaya, amafunitsitsa kuti apange mphete ya European style.

Kuphika mkate wa European Bread

Kuphatikiza mkate wa ku Ulaya nthawi zonse wakhala wovuta kwa wophika nyumba, koma monga kudziwa kogwiritsira ntchito zamakono ndi zamaphunziro kumakhala kupezeka pa intaneti komanso m'mabuku othokoza, zipangizo ndi zowonjezera zakhala zikupezeka kwambiri.

Mwachitsanzo, mmalo mwa zovuta zitatu zokha zosiyana mu golosale (zoyera, tirigu ndi keke), ife tsopano tiri ndi zambiri zambiri zomwe tingasankhe. M'kati mwake mudapangidwanso kupanga zipilala zopangira pakhomo pakhomo la nyumba ndikuwombera pansi olemba ma baker kuti agwire ntchito pa banja.

Komabe, kutsatira chigamu cha German kapena European, makamaka chinenero choyambirira, chimabweretsa mavuto. Imodzi mwazitsulo zazikulu zowonjezera mkate woperekedwa ku Ulaya ndi kumene mungapeze zowonjezera zomwe zikufanana kwambiri ndi zoyambirira.

Mbewu Yamtengo Wapatali

Mwachitsanzo, mpweya uli ndi zinthu zosiyana siyana, malingana ndi kumene unakulira, momwe udapitilira ndi kuchiritsidwa komanso ngakhale nyengo nyengo yokula. Mphero zamtengo wapatali zimaganiziranso izi popanga mankhwala, koma kugwirizana komweko kwa tirigu ndi njira zophera mphesa ndi zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zimakhala ngati zinsinsi zamalonda. Ndicho chifukwa chake, ngakhale mutatha kugwiritsa ntchito ufa uliwonse wopanga chakudya, mungapeze zotsatira zabwino ngati mutagwiritsa ntchito mtundu womwewo ndi mtundu wa ufa womwe umatchedwa mu recipe kapena wophika.

Pali mitundu yambiri ya tirigu yomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga ufa. Nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nthawi yobzala (nyengo yozizira kapena yamasika) komanso ngati ali ndi mapuloteni otsika kapena otsika kwambiri (mapuloteni ovuta kwambiri kapena mapuloteni otsika), omwe amasonyeza kukula kwa mchere wa gluten.

Mphuno zoyera zimachotsedwa ku zovuta zosavuta ndi zovuta za tirigu zomwe zimagawanika mitsinje kupyolera mu kuyesa.

Mitsinje imatsitsidwanso kuti ipange zofunda zosiyanasiyana. Kusuta koyamba kumachotsa zambiri za mandimu ndi majeremusi ndipo zimasiya "ufa wowongoka" kapena "ufa wothira 100%". Zakudya zapakati zimachotsedwa ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popereka chakudya, koma zikhoza kubwezeretsedwanso kuti zidzakwaniritsidwe.

Mafuta onse a tirigu amapangidwa mobwerezabwereza pogwiritsa ntchito mitsinje yambiri ya ufa ndi kuonjezera kumbuyo kwa nyepukuta ndi mandimu ndi mavitamini. Izi zimawonjezera moyo wa alumali ndipo zimabweretsa mankhwala ofanana. Anthu ena amakonda kukolola tirigu ndi rye pasanayambe kuphika ndipo palibe kufesa. Ufawo ndi watsopano ndipo umakhala wosiyana ndi ufa wokhwima. Zikuganiza kuti zimakhala zowonjezera.

• Werengani ndemanga zakuya za ufa wa ufa ndi North American Millers 'Association.
• Yang'anani kanema (miniti 10) kanema wa ufa wopatsa ufa ndikuwonetsani njira zosiyana pakugaya.
• Werengani nkhani pa mbiri ya mphero.
• Vidiyoyi ikuwonetsa momwe miyala ya rotary (rotary quern) imagwiritsira ntchito.

Powonongeka, ufa umayikidwa mu "ufa wovomerezeka" (ufa wofiira kwambiri), kusiya "ufa woyera bwino", womwe umakhala ndi jeremusi ndi nyongolotsi yotsalira ndipo umakhala wobiriwira kusiyana ndi ufa wa patent.

Mitsinje ingapo imatha kupezeka pa ndondomeko iliyonse ya mphero ndikuphatikizana kuti apange mpweya wokonda mapiri ndi malo. Mitengo ina ya ufa imapanga ufa womwe umagulidwa padziko lonse. Mitundu monga King Arthur Flour ndi Medal Gold Medal ndi awiri mwa iwo. Mitundu ina ilipamwamba kwambiri ndipo imapangidwa ndi zophika za m'deralo m'malingaliro. Mwachitsanzo, kumwera kwa United States, ufa wa m'deralo umakhala wochepa kwambiri wa ufa wa puloteni yabwino kwa mabisiketi ndi mikate.

Mitundu ya Mpweya

Zakudya zamphongo ndi mapiko a keke zimakhala ndi zinthu zochepa zokhazokha zomwe zimapangitsa kuti thupi likhale lopangidwa ndi mikate, pie ndi mabisiketi. Izi ndi zofanana ndi ufa wa German 405, ufa wa French 40 ndi Italy 00 ufa.

Fungo lopangidwa ndi cholinga chonse lingapangidwe kuti apange mikate yoyera komanso yabwino mu chofufumitsa chofufumitsa.

Chiwerengero chake ndi German 550, Chifalansa 55 ndi Chiitaliya 0. Ichi ndi chiwerengero kuchokera pamene kusiyana kwakukulu kulipo pakati pa ufa wabwino ndi "chophika" kapena kupanga kwa ufa uliwonse kuchokera kumagulu osiyanasiyana. Ndi bwino kuyesa zovuta zosiyanasiyana mu njira yomweyi ndikupitiriza kugula zomwe zimakupatsani zotsatira zabwino.

Zakudya zakutchire kapena ufa wa mkate ndi ufa wonyezimira ndi mapuloteni apamwamba, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuonjezera kutambasula koyera ndi ufa wothira ufa. Chiwerengero chake chikulingalira kuti ndi Chijeremani 812, ufa wa ku France 80, ndi ufa wa ku Italy 1 ufa.

Rye Akukula Chakudya

Germany ndi umodzi mwa mayiko ochepa omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ufa wa rye. Rye linabweretsedwa kuchokera ku Asia mu nthawi zakale ndipo linakula mwakuya pakati pa zaka za m'ma Middle Ages monga chakudya cha mkate ndi zakumwa zoledzera. Amakula mumtunda wosauka, mchenga komanso nyengo yovuta, pamene tirigu amakula bwino nyengo yozizira, choncho ngakhale kuti zokolola zimakhala zosauka kuposa tirigu, ndizozikolola m'malo ozizira.

Pali lingaliro lakuti rye silinayanjidwe ku France ndi Italy monga ufa wa tirigu unayamba kupezeka chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa tawonani ( Claviceps purpurea , bowa) mu tirigu wa rye . Pamene ergot imatha kulandira tirigu ndi mbewu zina zambewu , zimakonda rye monga wolandira. Amamera bwino pansi pa nyengo yoziziritsa ndi yobiriwira, kumene tirigu satero. Pamene tirigu ali ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matendawa komanso osatsukidwa asanapere ufa, anthu, ndi ziweto akhoza kupha poizoni ndikufa (zambiri pa mbiri ya ergot apa).

Germany, Poland, ndi mayiko ena akum'maiko a ku East Europe adadalira mbeu zace kuti zikhale zovuta komanso zida zothandizira kuchepetsa kapena kuchotsa bowa. Njira ndi kuyeretsa mbeu ndikugwiritsa ntchito fungicides osiyanasiyana.

Zakudya za ufa wa Rye zimapangidwanso ndi kuzidya chifukwa cha mwambo, kukoma ndi chifukwa rye ali ndi ubwino wambiri wathanzi. Mu 2010, ofufuza a ku Lund, Sweden adafalitsa kafukufuku omwe amasonyeza kuti ngakhale ufa wa rye wodula (wopanda branchi) ndi wabwino kwa shuga lanu la shuga.

Nthambiyi imakhalanso ndi mchere wambiri ndi mavitamini.

Rye Flour Chemistry

Ufa wa Rye ukhoza kukhala wonyengerera kugwira ntchito chifukwa shuga (chakudya) chotchedwa pentoses (xylose, arabinose) amachepetsa mphamvu ya mapuloteni a gluten kupanga malo otsika, omwe amathandiza kuti amenyane ndi mpweya wa mkate, koma ali okhawo omwe ali ndi udindo wozembetsa madzi ndi kumanga "chopanda". Zakudya zowonjezera mu ufa zimathandiza kuthandizira palimodzi ndikugwiritsira ntchito mkate womwe sukusweka.

Komabe, popeza zozizirazi zingathe kudulidwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono ndi alpha-amylases (mtundu wa enzyme) umene ungachepetse mphamvu yawo yogwirizana ndi pentoses, pH low ntchito (sourdough) kuti iwononge amylase. (Onaninso zolemba izi pa "Sauerteig".)

Kuyanjana konseku kumapangitsa kuti mkate wa mkate wake ukhale wolimba kuposa wa mkate wa tirigu. Kawirikawiri, rye amagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi ufa wa tirigu kuti achite zomwe Amitundu akunena kuti "Mischbrot".

Mpesa Wokhutira ndi Zowonjezera

Chiwerengero cha phukusi la ufa wa Germany chimaimira milligrams za phulusa lomwe linatsalira pa magalamu zana 100 ufa umawotchedwa mu ng'anjo yamoto ku 900 ° C. Pamwamba pamakhala phulusa, mphala wambiri umasiyidwa mu ufa ndipo pafupi ndi ufa wonse wa tirigu. Phulusa likugwirizana ndi koma silikuimira kwathunthu kuchuluka kwake. Makampani ambiri a US akulephera kupereka chiwerengero ichi (Gold Medal Flour, imelo mauthenga) koma amalonjeza chinthu chosasinthika pa nthawi.

• Zambiri zokhudzana ndi phulusa pano.

Mlingo wa m'zigawozo umatanthauzira mlingo wa kupatukana kwa chimphona kuchokera ku endosperm ndipo umayesedwa peresenti. Mlingo wa ufa wa 100% kapena ufa wowongoka si wofanana ndi ufa wonse wa tirigu. Ndilo kupatukana koyamba kwa endosperm kuchokera ku branchi ndi nyongolosi zambiri. Pafupifupi mapaundi 72 a ufa wowongoka amapezeka pa mapaundi 100 a tirigu. Zina zonse ndi middlings, zomwe zimadyetsedwa kwa nyama kapena kubwezeretsedwa kwa mankhwala onse a tirigu.

Pansi peresenti ya kuchuluka kwa zowonjezera, yeretsani ufa. Kuchuluka kwake kwa phulusa ndi phulusa kumathandiza wophunzira wophika mkate kudziwa kuchuluka kwa madzi, yisiti, nthawi ndi zinthu zina zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pamodzi ndi ufa kuti akwaniritse mankhwala omaliza. Ponena za ophika apakhomo, tiyenera kudalira mayeso ndi zolakwika ndikuganiza kuti mphero ya ufa idzapanga mankhwalawo mofanana, kuchokera pa mtanda kupita ku mtanda.

Mitengo Yowonjezera ndi Yowonjezera

Maluwa ali ndi carotenoids omwe ali achikasu. Kuwombera kumapangitsa ufa kukhala woyera. Komanso imapangidwanso ufa, umene umathandiza kuti chitukuko chikhale chonchi. Izi zimabweretsa mankhwala owotcha. Okhwima akuwonjezeredwa kuti awonjezere chitukuko cha gluten. Izi zikhoza kuchitika payekha, koma kuwonjezerapo antchitowa akufulumira njirayi.

Kupyolera m'magazi ndi kukhwima komanso kuchotsedwa kwa branchi ndi majeremusi, mavitamini ambiri amatayika. Izi zimaloledwa m'malo mwa ufa wokwanira makamaka ndi mavitamini a B ndi chitsulo. Nthawi zina calcium imaphatikizidwanso (onani malamulo a FDA apa).

Tanthauzo la "Mischbrot"

Mkate wosakaniza) umatchedwanso "Graubrot" (mkate wakuda) kum'mwera kwa Germany kapena "Schwarzbrot" ku Austria ndi Switzerland. Amatanthawuza ngati mkate wopangidwa ndi sourdough kapena yisiti komanso chisakanizo cha tirigu ndi rye. Zakudya zambiri, kapena sizinthu zambiri, ku Germany ndizo "Mischbrote".

• "Roggenmischbrot", kapena mkate wosakaniza wa mkate, uli ndi ufa wa rye wokwana 51 mpaka 89%.
• Mkate wothira weizenmischbrot, uli ndi 51 - 89% ufa wa tirigu.
• "Mischbrot", kapena mkate wothira, ndi 50 - 50% osakaniza tirigu ndi rye.

Monga ufa wa rye mu mkate umawonjezeka, nthawi yayitali mkate umakhala watsopano ndipo umakhala wolimba kwambiri wa rye. Kuwonjezera pa ufa wa tirigu, chakudya chimakwera kwambiri komanso chimakhala "chowopsa" chomwe chimakonda.

Palinso mkate wotchuka wa mkate womwe umatchedwa pumpernickel, umene unali wapadera wa West Phalian (Osnabruck ndi madera ozungulira). Zimapangidwa ndi zipatso zopangidwa ndi rye zokhazokha zomwe zimagwedezeka usiku m'madzi otentha, kenako zimadzazidwa mu nkhungu yotsekedwa ndipo zimakhala ndi maola 16 mpaka 24. Kukonzekera kwamakono kwachepetsa nthawi ino kwa maola 12 powonjezera yisiti kapena udzu wofiira ku chisakanizo kuti athandizire kutentha kudutsa mu mtanda wandiweyani podutsa. Mavitamini a beet nthawi zambiri amawonjezeranso, koma kukoma ndi fungo zimachokera ku caramelization ndi Maillard zomwe zimachitika pophika. Ikhoza kusungidwa kwa miyezi yambiri kwa zaka zingapo ndipo idagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Middle Ages monga ndalama zapadera.

Mitundu ya Rye Mitundu Yamakono ndi Kuyang'ana kwa Ulaya

• Mkate Watsopano
• Mfumu Arthur Flour
• The Artisan
• Gulu la Baker Bread of America
• Mafuta ndi Zakudya Zakale kuchokera ku Historic Mills
• Flour Bolting ndi Sifting
• Zithunzi za Makina Opanga Mafakitale
• North America Millers 'Association
• Bob Mill Red