Kuletsedwa kwa Mowa ku United States

Kuletsedwa kwa mowa ku United States kunakhala zaka 13 m'zaka za m'ma 1920 ndi makumi atatu. Ndi imodzi mwa zolemekezeka-kapena zosautsa-mbiri m'mbiri yakale ya ku America. Ngakhale cholinga chake chinali kuchepetsa kumwa mowa mwa kuthetsa malonda omwe amapanga, kugawa ndi kugulitsa, ndondomekoyi inabwerera.

Poona kuti anthu ambiri sagwirizana ndi zandale, nthawiyi inasintha mmene anthu ambiri a ku America ankaonera zakumwa zoledzeretsa .

Zimalimbikitsanso kuzindikira kuti ulamuliro wa boma sungathe kutenga nthawi zonse udindo waumwini.

Timagwirizanitsa nthawi yowonongeka ndi zigawenga, bootleggers, speakeasies, rum-runners, ndi mkhalidwe wachisokonezo wokhudzana ndi malo ochezera a pa Intaneti a ku America. Nthawiyi inayamba mu 1920 ndikuvomerezedwa ndi anthu. Iyo inatha mu 1933 monga zotsatira za chisokonezo cha boma ndi lamulo komanso kuwonjezereka kwachitetezo.

Kuletsedwa kunakhazikitsidwa pansi pa 18th Kusintha kwa malamulo a US. Mpaka lero, ndizo zokha zokhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo oyendetsera boma zomwe zidzasinthidwa ndi wina pambuyo pa ndime ya 21.

The Temperance Movement

Kusinthasintha kwa nyengo kwa nthawi yaitali kwakhala ikugwira ntchito mu ndale za America, ndikulimbikitsa kudziletsa kusiya kumwa mowa. Chiyambicho chinakhazikitsidwa mu 1840 ndi zipembedzo, makamaka Amethodisti.

Ntchito yapachiyambiyi inayamba kukhala yolimba ndipo inapanga pang'ono pang'onopang'ono m'ma 1850 koma inatha mphamvu posakhalitsa.

Msonkhano woumawu unawona chitsitsimutso m'zaka za m'ma 1880 chifukwa cha kuchulukitsidwa kwa Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU, yomwe inakhazikitsidwa 1874) ndi Prohibition Party (yomwe inakhazikitsidwa 1869).

Mu 1893, bungwe la Anti-Saloon linakhazikitsidwa ndipo magulu atatu otchukawa anali otsogolera kuti apite kumapeto kwa 18th Amendment ku US Constitution yomwe imaletsa mowa kwambiri.

Chimodzi mwa ziwerengero zazikulu kwambiri kuyambira nthawi imeneyi ndi Carrie Nation. Woyambitsa chaputala cha WCTU, Nation inatsekedwa kutseka mipiringidzo ku Kansas. Mkazi wamtali, wachisoni anali kudziwika kuti anali wonyansa, nthawi zambiri ankaponya njerwa mkati mwa zida. Panthawi inayake ku Topeka, iye adagwiritsa ntchito nkhonya, yomwe ingakhale chizindikiro chake. Mtundu sudzakhoza kuwonetsetsa chitetezo chake pomwalira mu 1911.

Chipani Choletsera

Pambuyo pake, bungwe la Prohibition Party linakhazikitsidwa m'chaka cha 1869 kuti apolisi a ku America adzivomereze kuti amaletsa mowa m'dzikoli. Pulezidenti amakhulupirira kuti kuletsa sikungatheke kapena kusungidwa pansi pa utsogoleri wa maphwando a Democratic kapena Republican.

Otsalira mwachangu adathamangira ku maofesi a boma, a boma ndi a dziko ndipo 1884. Mu 1888 ndi 1892 chisankho cha pulezidenti, Prohibition Party inagwira 2 peresenti ya voti yotchuka.

League Anti-Saloon

Bungwe la Anti-Saloon linakhazikitsidwa mu 1893 ku Oberlin, Ohio.

Idayamba monga bungwe la boma lomwe linkaletsa kuletsa. Pofika m'chaka cha 1895 iwo adakhudzidwa kwambiri ku United States.

Monga bungwe losagwirizana ndi anthu otsutsa malonda m'dziko lonseli, Lachitatu la Anti-Saloon likulengeza kuti pakhale lamulo loletsa kumwa mowa. Lamuloli linagwiritsa ntchito zosakondweretsa chifukwa cha anthu olemekezeka komanso magulu odziletsa monga WCTU kuti awotchere moto.

Mu 1916, bungwe lidawathandiza pakusankha othandizira ku nyumba zonse za Congress. Izi zikanawapatsa iwo magawo awiri mwa magawo atatu omwe akufunikira kupititsa zomwe zikanakhala kusintha kwa 18.

Kuletsedwa Kwawo Kumayambiriro

Pambuyo pa kutembenuka kwa zaka zapitazi, mayiko ndi maboma ku US onse adayamba kupititsa malamulo omwe amaletsa mowa. Ambiri mwa malamulo oyambirira anali kumidzi ya kumidzi ndipo ankadandaula chifukwa cha khalidwe la omwe amamwa komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu ena omwe akukula m'dzikolo, makamaka anthu ochokera ku Ulaya.

Nkhondo Yadziko Yonse inachititsa kuti moto uziwotha moto. Chikhulupirirochi chimafalikira kuti mafakitale a zachakudya ndi zowonongeka anali kusokoneza tirigu wamtengo wapatali, masewera, ndi ntchito kuyambira pa nthawi ya nkhondo. Mowa unasokonezeka kwambiri chifukwa chotsutsana ndi German. Mayina ngati Pabst, Schlitz, ndi Blatz anakumbutsa anthu za adani a ku America omwe anali adani akumenyana ndi nyanja.

Zolemba Zambiri

Makampani opangira mowa anali kudzipha okha ndipo anayambitsa moto wa oletsedwa. Posakhalitsa zaka za m'ma 1900 zikupita, makampani a brewing anaona chiwombankhanga. Teknoloji yatsopano yathandizira kuwonjezeka kwakukulu ndikupereka mowa wambiri ozizira kudzera mu firiji. Pabst, Anheuser-Busch, ndi anthu ena oyendetsa malowa ankafuna kuwonjezera malonda awo povulaza mzinda wa America wamtendere.

Kugulitsa mowa ndi whiskey ndi galasi, mosiyana ndi botolo, phindu lalikulu. Makampaniwa adagwiritsa ntchito mfundoyi poyambitsa malemba awo komanso kubweza anthu okhaokha mowa. Iwo adalanganso ogwira ntchito osagwirizanitsa powapatsa anthu abwino kwambiri malo awo okhala pafupi. Inde, iwo amangogulitsa chizindikiro cha brewer yekha.

Maganizo amenewa anali osowa kwambiri moti panthawi ina panali saloon kwa anthu 150 mpaka 200 (kuphatikizapo osamwa). Izi "zosayenerera" malo anali kawirikawiri komanso mpikisano kwa makasitomala anali kukula. Otsatirawo amayesa kukopa abambo, makamaka anyamata, powapatsa chakudya chamadzulo, kutchova njuga, kuyendetsa njoka, uhule, ndi zina "zonyansa" ntchito ndi ntchito zawo.

Chisinthidwe cha 18 ndi Volstead Act

Kusintha kwa 18 kwa malamulo a US kuvomerezedwa ndi mayiko 36 pa January 16, 1919. Zakachitika chaka chimodzi pambuyo pake, kuyambira nthawi ya Kuletsedwa.

Gawo loyambirira la kusinthaku likuti: "Patadutsa chaka chimodzi kuchokera pakuvomerezeka kwa nkhaniyi kupanga, kugulitsa, kapena kutumiza zakumwa zoledzeretsa mkati, kulowetsamo, kapena kutumizidwa kuchokera ku United States ndi gawo lonse lomwe liri ndi ulamuliro Zomwe zakumwa chakumwa zimaloledwa ".

Kwenikweni, 18th Amendment anatenga malonda a bizinesi kuchoka ku brewer, distiller, vintner, wogulitsa, ndi wogulitsa zakumwa m'dzikoli. Anali kuyesa kusintha "gawo losavomerezeka" la anthu.

Miyezi itatu isanakwane, Act Volstead-yomwe inkadziwika kuti National Prohibition Act ya 1919-inadutsa. Zinapatsa mphamvu kwa "Commissioner of Internal Revenue, othandizira ake, mawindo, ndi oyang'anira" kuti akwaniritse Chigwirizano cha 18.

Ngakhale kunali koletsedwa kupanga kapena kugawaniza "mowa, vinyo, kapena chimbudzi choledzeretsa kapena vinyo wa vinyo", kunali kosaloledwa kukhala nacho kuti ugwiritse ntchito. Makonzedwe amenewa analola Amwenye kukhala ndi mowa m'nyumba zawo ndikudya ndi abambo ndi alendo pokhapokha atakhala mkati ndipo sanagawidwe, kugulitsidwa, kapena kupatsidwa kwa wina aliyense kunja kwa nyumba.

Zamwayi ndi Zamagazi

Chinthu chinanso chochititsa chidwi cha Kuletsedwa chinali chakuti mowa unalipo kudzera mwa mankhwala a dokotala. Kwa zaka zambiri, mowa unali utagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mankhwala. Ndipotu ambiri mwa ma liqueurs omwe timawadziwa lero adayamba kupangidwa ngati machiritso a matenda osiyanasiyana.

Mu 1916, whiskey ndi brandy zinachotsedwa ku "The Pharmacopeia ya United States of America." Chaka chotsatira, American Medical Association inanena kuti mowa "amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mankhwala monga chonchi kapena chochititsa chidwi kapena chakudya alibe phindu la sayansi" ndipo adavomereza kuti athandizire Prohibition.

Ngakhale izi, chikhulupiliro chokhazikika chakuti zakumwa zingathe kuchiza ndikuletsa matenda osiyanasiyana. Potsutsidwa, madokotala adatha kupereka mankhwala oledzeretsa kwa odwala omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe apadera ovomerezeka a boma omwe angathe kudzazidwa ndi mankhwala alionse. Pamene zitsamba zakumwa mankhwala zinali zochepa, boma likhoza kuonjezera kupanga kwake.

Monga momwe wina angaganizire, chiwerengero cha mankhwala a mowa anakulira. Zambiri mwazinthu zoperekedwazo zinachotsedwanso kuchoka kumalo omwe ankafuna kuti apite ndi anthu otayirira.

Mipingo komanso atsogoleri achipembedzo anali ndi mwayi. Izi zinapangitsa kuti alandire vinyo chifukwa cha sakramenti ndipo izi zinapangitsanso kuphuphu. Pali nkhani zambiri za anthu odzizindikiritsa okha monga atumiki ndi arabi kuti apeze ndikugawira vinyo wambiri wa sakramenti.

Cholinga Choletsedwa

Pambuyo pa Chigwirizano cha 18 chitangoyamba kugwira ntchito panali kuchepa kwakukulu kwa mowa. Izi zinapangitsa anthu ambiri kukhala ndi chiyembekezo kuti "Mayeso Ovomerezeka" adzakhala opambana.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1920, kumwa mowa kwambiri kunali 30 peresenti yocheperapo kusiyana ndi poyamba. Zaka khumi zapitazi, zopereka zoletsedwa mosavomerezeka zidakwera ndipo mbadwo watsopano unanyalanyaza lamulo ndikukana mtima wodzimana. Ambiri ambiri a ku America adasankha kuti achite.

Mwachidziwitso, Kuletsedwa kunapindula ngati kungotengera zaka zitatha kubwezeretsa ndondomekoyi isanagwiritsidwe ntchito.

Ovomerezera Kuletsedwa amaganiza kuti pamene malayisensi oledzera atasinthidwa, mabungwe okonzanso ndi mipingo ingathe kukopa anthu a ku America kuti asamamwe. Iwo amakhulupirira kuti "ogulitsa mowa" sakanatsutsana ndi lamulo latsopano ndipo saloons idzawonongeka mofulumira.

Panali masukulu awiri ofanana pakati pa oletsedwa. Kagulu kamodzi kanali kuyembekezera kupanga zopanga za maphunziro ndikukhulupirira kuti mkati mwa zaka 30 dziko la America lidzakhala dziko lopanda kumwa. Komabe, sanalandire chithandizo chimene anali kufuna.

Gulu lina linkafuna kuwona mphamvu zomwe zikanatha kuthetseratu zonse zakumwa mowa. Gululi linakhumudwitsidwa chifukwa lamulo la malamulo silinathe kupeza thandizo lomwe lidafunikira kuchokera ku boma kuti lipite patsogolo.

Anali Chisokonezo, pambuyo pake, ndipo ndalama sizinalipo. Ndili ndi antchito okwana 1,500 padziko lonse lapansi, sakanatha kulimbana ndi anthu masauzande ambiri omwe ankafuna kumwa kapena kufuna kupindula ndi ena omwe amamwa.

Kupandukira Kuletsedwa

Kukongola kwa Amwenye kuti apeze zomwe akufuna kumawoneka muzinthu zamagwiritsidwe ntchito powapeza mowa panthawi ya Kuletsedwa. Nthaŵi imeneyi inawona kuwonjezeka kwa speakeasy, home distiller, bootlegger, rum-runner, ndi nthano zambiri za gangster zogwirizana nazo.

Kutuluka kwa Moonshine

Ambiri akumidzi ya ku America anayamba kudzipangira okha, "pafupi ndi mowa," ndi kachasu ya chimanga . Zomwe zinapitilira dziko lonse lapansi ndipo anthu ambiri adakhala ndi moyo panthawi yachisokonezo powapatsa anthu okhala pafupi ndi miyezi.

Mapiri a mayiko a Appalaki ndi otchuka chifukwa cha miyezi. Ngakhale kuti zinali zoyenera kumwa, mizimu yomwe inatuluka nthawi zambiri inali yamphamvu kuposa chilichonse chimene chingagulidwe asanayambe Kuletsedwa.

Nthaŵi zambiri nyangazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyendetsa galimoto ndi magalimoto omwe amamwa mowa mopotoledwa kuti apereke magawo. Apolisi amatha kuthamangitsidwa izi ndizodziwika bwino (chiyambi cha NASCAR). Ndi onse opanga masewera amatsenga ndi oyendetsa manja akuyesa dzanja lawo ku luso, pali nkhani zambiri za zinthu zomwe zikuyenda bwino: akuwomberabe, akuwombera mowa kwambiri, ndi poizoni wa mowa.

Masiku a Makomiti

Rum-kuthamanganso kunawona chitsitsimutso ndipo inakhala malonda wamba ku US Liquor inkagwedezedwa mobisa mu magalimoto, magalimoto, ndi boti ochokera ku Mexico, Europe, Canada, ndi Caribbean.

Mawu akuti "Real McCoy" adachokera mu nthawi ino. Zimatchulidwa ndi Captain William S. McCoy yemwe adapangitsa gawo lalikulu la rum-running kuchokera ku sitima panthawi ya Kuletsedwa. Iye sakanakhoza konse kutsika pansi katundu wake, kutengera chinthu chake "chenicheni".

McCoy, yemwe si wosamwa yekha, anayamba kuthamanga kuchokera ku Caribbean kupita ku Florida patangotha ​​chigamulochi. Mmodzi yemwe anakumana ndi Coast Guard posakhalitsa anasiya McCoy kuti asamalize kuthamanga kwake. McCoy yatsopanoyo inakhazikitsa zombo zing'onozing'ono zomwe zingakumane ndi ngalawa yake kunja kwa madzi a ku America ndikunyamula katundu wake kudziko.

Gulani "Zomangamanga: A Schibbook Prohibition" ku Amazon

Sa! Ndizoyankhula

Maulendo anali m'mphepete mwa mipando yomwe inkagwira ntchito mosamala mowa. Nthawi zambiri amaphatikizapo utumiki wa chakudya, magulu amoyo, ndi mawonetsero. Mawu akuti speakeasy akuti anayamba zaka 30 asanayambe Kuletsedwa. Bartenders amauza abusa kuti "azilankhula mosavuta" akamalamula kuti asamve.

Nthawi zambiri maulendowa ankakhala osayikidwa kapena anali m'mbuyo kapena pansi pa malonda. Ziphuphu zinali ponseponse panthawiyo ndipo kuzunzidwa kunali kofala. Omwe amatha kupereka chiphuphu kwa apolisi kuti asanyalanyaze bizinesi zawo kapena kuwauza iwo kuti akawonongeke.

Ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri "ndalama" zinkaperekedwa ndi ndalama zowonongeka komanso zinkakhala zopambana kwambiri, "nkhumba yopusa" imakhala ikumwa mowa wosakondedwa.

Ma Mob, Gangsters, ndi Crime

Mwinamwake imodzi mwa malingaliro otchuka kwambiri pa nthawiyo inali yoti gululo linagonjetsa malonda ambiri osokonekera mowa mwauchidakwa. Kwa mbali zambiri, izi si zoona. Komabe, m'madera ozungulira, zigawenga zinayendetsa phokoso lamadzi ndipo Chicago ndi umodzi wa mizinda yotchuka kwambiri.

Kumayambiriro kwa Kuletsedwa, "Chovala" chinakonza magulu onse a Chicago. Iwo adagawaniza mzinda ndi malo odyetserako m'madera kuti azilamuliridwa ndi magulu osiyanasiyana. Aliyense amatha kugulitsa zakumwa zoledzera m'deralo.

Madzi osokoneza bongo ndi distilleries anali obisika mumzindawu. Mowa ungapangidwe mosavuta ndikusindikizidwa kuti ukwaniritse zofunikira za mzindawo. Chifukwa chakuti zakumwa zambiri zimafuna kuti munthu akakalamba , zida za Chicago Heights ndi Taylor ndi Division Division sizingatheke mofulumira kotero kuti mizimu yambiri imachotsedwa ku Canada. Posakhalitsa ntchito ya ku Chicago inapita ku Milwaukee, Kentucky, ndi ku Iowa.

Chovalacho chikanakhoza kugulitsa mowa kwa zigawenga zapansi pa mitengo yamtengo wapatali. Ngakhale kuti mgwirizanowu unkafunika kuti ukhale pamwala, chiphuphu chinali chofalikira. Popanda kuthetsa mikangano m'makhoti, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito chiwawa pobwezera. Al Capone atagonjetsa chovalacho mu 1925, imodzi mwa nkhondo zamagulu zoopsa kwambiri m'mbiri yakale inayamba.

Ngakhale kuti poyamba kuletsedwa kunkafunika kuchepetsa kumwa mowa makamaka, kunayambitsanso kuledzera mowa kwambiri. Kuwombera kumafuna malo ochulukirapo pakupanga ndi kufalitsa kusiyana ndi mowa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zobisika. Kuwonjezeka kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mzimu wosweka kwa nthawiyo kunayambitsa gawo lalikulu mu martini ndi kusakaniza chikhalidwe chakumwa chomwe timachidziŵa komanso "mafashoni" omwe timayanjana nawo nthawiyo.

N'chifukwa Chiyani Kuletsedwa Kunabweretsedwanso?

Chowonadi, ngakhale chinyengo cha prohibitorist, ndi chakuti Kuletsedwa sikukunali kotchuka kwenikweni ndi anthu a ku America. Ambiri amakonda kumwera ndipo panthawiyi amayi amamwa panthawiyi. Izi zathandiza kusintha kaganizidwe kodziwika ka tanthauzo la kukhala "olemekezeka" (omwe amatanthawuzira mawu omwe nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutanthauza osakhala akumwa).

Kuletsedwa kunalinso zovuta zogwirizana ndi ntchito. Panalibe malamulo okwanira kuti azitsatira ntchito zonse zoletsedwa ndipo akuluakulu akuluakulu a boma anali okhaokha.

Pewani Pomaliza!

Chimodzi mwa zochitika zoyamba zomwe zinagwiridwa ndi kayendetsedwe ka Roosevelt chinali kulimbikitsa kusintha kwa (ndiyeno kubwereza) 18th Chimakezo. Icho chinali ndondomeko iwiri; Choyamba chinali Chilamulo cha Zolaula za Beer. Lamulo lovomerezeka ndi vinyo wokhala ndi mowa mpaka 3.2 peresenti ya mowa ndi mphamvu mu April 1933.

Gawo lachiwiri linali kupititsa Chigwirizano cha 21 ku Constitution. Ndi mawu akuti "Chisanu ndi chitatu chachisanu ndi chitatu cha kusintha kwa malamulo a United States akutsutsidwa", Achimerika akanatha kumwa mowa.

Pa December 5, 1933, Kuletsedwa kwa dziko lonse kudatha. Tsiku lino likupitilizidwa lero ndipo ambiri a ku America amavomereza kuti ali ndi ufulu womwa pa tsiku lobwezeretsa.

Malamulo atsopano anasiya nkhani yotsutsa boma la boma. Mississippi anali womalizira kuti abwezeretse mu 1966. Zonsezi zapereka chisankho choletsera mowa kapena osati kumatauni akumidzi.

Masiku ano, maboma ndi midzi zambiri m'dzikoli zimakhala zouma. Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Kansas, Kentucky, Mississippi, Texas, ndi Virginia ali ndi zigawo zambiri zouma. M'madera ena, ndi zoletsedwa kunyamula mowa kupyolera mu ulamuliro.

Monga gawo la kubwezeretsedwa kwa chiletso, boma la federal linakhazikitsa malamulo ambiri oletsa malamulo ogulitsa mowa omwe adakalipobe.