Phunzirani za Chotupitsa

Nkhumba ndi tizilombo tomwe timakhala tikulumikizana ndi tizilombo timene tikukula ponseponse ndi ife. Imakula pamene ili ndi chakudya ndi madzi ndikuyimitsa kukula pamene siili. Mu mafilimu osamalidwa, ndi kochepa kokwanira kuwombedwa ndi mphepo, ngati mbewu. Ngati pali madzi ndi chakudya kumene amapita, zidzatulutsa ndi kupitilizabe. Zilinso pa khungu la munthu ndipo zimatha kusamutsidwa kupita ku chakudya kudzera mwa kukhudzana, ndi manja oyera kapena odetsedwa.

Chakudyacho chagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu kwazaka zikwi zambiri kuti apange mkate, mowa, ndi vinyo. Zimatero potengera shuga mowa ndi gasi kuti apeze mphamvu.

• Zambiri pa Mbiri ya yisiti.
• Phunzirani Zambiri Zokhudza Zamoyo Zosakaniza Pano.

Nsiti Yiti Imagwiritsidwa Ntchito Mu Kuphika

Chakudya chophika ndi makamaka Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Baker ndi makampani ophika mikate adabweretsa mavuto ambiri, omwe amatanthauza yisoni ndi mikhalidwe yapadera. Izi ndi zofanana ndi wolima munda akuzaza tulip ndi mitundu yapadera, kutalika kapena hardiness. Monga momwe pali mitundu yambiri ya tulipu, pali mitundu yambiri ya yisiti. Matenda a yisiti omwe amadziwika masiku ano amapangidwa kuti azitulutsa mpweya komanso kuthira mofulumira. Pambuyo pa S. cerevisiae pali mitundu yambiri ya yisiti yomwe imathandizira mu udzu wobiriwira, ngakhale S. cerevisiae ndi yofala kumeneko, nayonso.

• Thesaurus ya Cook ndi Zithunzi

Palinso yisiti yapadera ya yisiti yomwe yapangidwa kuti ikhale yopaka mafuta kapena ufa wothira.

Baker ali ndi mavuto ambiri, monga ometawa ali ndi yisiti yosiyana kuti asankhe. Anthu ali ndi mavuto pang'ono omwe mungasankhe.

• King Arthur Ali ndi Mitundu Yambiri ya yisiti Kuti Muyitanitse pa Intaneti

Kodi yisiti idya?

Chakudya chimadya shuga, shuga kuti zikhale zenizeni. Ngati palibe shuga pozungulira koma pali shuga wina, nyamayi kapena mowa, yisiti imapanga makina (mavitamini) kuti amasinthe izi kukhala shuga.

Yisiti imanyamula zinthu mu DNA yake kwa makina ambiri omwe ali ndi zakudya zambiri.

Mpunga uli ndi starch ambiri mmenemo, omwe amapangidwa ndi maunyolo aatali a mamolekyu a shuga. Flour imakhala ndi michere yomwe imagwira ntchito m'magazi ndi kuwawaza mu dzuwa. Izi zimachitika pambuyo pa ufa wokhala ndi madzi kapena zakumwa zina. Ndiye yisiti imagwiritsa ntchito shuga mphamvu.

Chifukwa Chiyani Maselo Ochapira Amadzimadzi?

Chakudyacho chimakhala ndi njira ziwiri zochotsera mphamvu kuchokera ku mamolekyu a shuga kuti azigwiritsa ntchito payekha kusamalira ndi kubereka; ndi wopanda oxygen.

• Ndi mpweya wabwino, amapanga carbon dioxide (CO2 - mpweya), zomwe ndi maselo aumunthu omwe amapanga, nayenso. Amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zonse kuchokera ku shuga kuti achite izi ndikupanga mafuta ambiri. Izi zimatchedwa kupuma.
• Ndi mpweya wochepa kapena wopanda mpweya, yisiti imamanga makina osokoneza mowa ndi carbon dioxide atagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zina kuchokera ku shuga. Izi zimatchedwa kutentha. Popeza iyi ndi njira yopanda mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu, amayenera kuthira shuga kwambiri kuposa momwe amachitira panthawi yopuma.

Kupanga mkate ndi yisiti kumagwiritsa ntchito kupuma komanso kuthirira (makamaka kumapeto kwake). Inu mumagwada kapena kumenyana mpweya (ndi nayitrogeni) mu mtanda, womwe yisiti imagwiritsira ntchito mofulumira, kutulutsa mpweya womwe umasweka ndi mtanda.

Gasi ambiri mu mtanda wa mkate umapangidwa mkati mwa ora loyamba la nayonso mphamvu. Ndiye yisiti iyenera kusinthana kupanga zakumwa zoledzeretsa pamodzi ndi mafuta ndikukula pang'onopang'ono. Izi zimapatsa zonunkhira zapadera zosautsa ndi zokonda. Izi zimakhudzanso mapangidwe a mtanda, kusinthasintha ndi kutumphuka mutatha kuphika.

Kodi kutentha kumakhudza bwanji yisiti

Chakudya chimakula bwino pa 26 ° C (79 ° F) ndipo chimapangitsa kuti zomera zikhale bwino mpaka 30 - 35 ° C (86 - 95 ° F) . Pansi kutentha yisiti imachepetsa zonse ziwiri ndipo zimakhala "zokha". Pamwamba kutentha, yisiti yamadzimadzi siigwira bwino. Izi ziri ngati munthu yemwe ali ndi malungo.

Chifukwa chiyani Firiji Mabala

Nthawi zina zimangoti tibwerere kuti tiwoneke pamene tikuphika mkate. Pali zokambirana zokhudzana ndi zokometsera zokhazokha pamene mtanda uli pa firiji kwa maola angapo kapena usiku, koma sizikudziwika ngati izi zimachokera ku michere mu ufa, yisiti ya metabolites, mankhwala opangidwa ndi yisiti kapena zochitika zina.

Pali njira zambiri zopatsa mkate zomwe zimafuna firiji. "Mkate Wopangira Amatsenga Mphindi zisanu Patsiku" (2007, St. Martin's Press) amagwiritsira ntchito, kusunga mtanda kwa masabata atatu m'firiji, ndipo Peter Reinhart akuwonetsa kusunga mtanda wa firiji kwa masiku atatu ngati iwe sangathe kuzigwiritsa ntchito nthawi yomweyo. Komanso, njira ya Swiss Wurzelbrot imaphika mikateyo kuchokera mufiriji komanso zakudya zina zotsekemera zimatha kutentha komanso zimaphika m'mawa kuti zikhale chakudya cham'mawa.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kutentha Kwambiri Kuti Mukhale ndi Ubwino Wanu Mu Zakudya Zina

Mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito kuchepetsa mtanda wa mkate wanu ngati simungathe kuphika nthawi yomweyo. Izi zikhoza kuchitika patsimikizidwe yoyamba kapena atapangidwe. Zitha kuchitidwa mutangomanga mkate wanu, kapena kubwezera mkate umene unakula musanakonzekere. Ngakhale kuti mankhwalawa sali abwino kwambiri, nthawi zambiri amapeza mankhwala ovomerezeka.

Chifukwa Chotsimikizira Kutentha Kwambiri Madzi Otentha Kapena Kumbuyo kwa Stove

Chakudya chimene mumagula ku sitolo chimakhala ndi mavitamini 30 - 35 ° C (86 - 95 ° F). Maphikidwe ambiri a masiku ano amafufuzira umboni wozungulira ma temperaturewo. Ngati simungatenthe kapena kutentha nyumba yanu, kutentha kwa firiji kudzasinthasintha. Pa 60 ° F mukhitchini yanga tsiku lachisanu, mtanda wa mkate umatuluka pang'onopang'ono. Zidzakhudza mapeto a mankhwalawa ndipo zidzatengera mkate wochuluka kwambiri, wochuluka kwambiri.

Izi zikhoza kukhala chifukwa chomera michere (yomwe imapezeka mu ufa) imagwira ntchito bwino pa kutentha kwakutentha ndi kuwononga kwambiri maruteni ndi wowuma. Izi zingakhudze mphamvu ya gluten kuti igwire mpweya yisiti yopanga. Komabe, khitchini yoziziritsa ikhoza kuchepetsa mtanda umene ukukwera mofulumira kwambiri kapena umapereka nthawi yochulukirapo kuti mukhale ndi kukoma, chomwe ndi chinthu chabwino, choncho nthawizonse mumakhala ndi malonda.

Ndi Zisoni Zambiri Zogwiritsira Ntchito

Galamu imodzi ya yisiti ili ndi maselo ang'onoang'ono 20 biliyoni. Pali pafupifupi magalamu asanu ndi awiri mu gawo limodzi la magawo asanu ndi limodzi omwe timagula m'sitolo (supuni 2 1/2). Ndiwo maselo 140 biliyoni! Mukayamba kupanga mkate, onjezerani kuchuluka kwa yisiti yomwe imayikidwa mu recipe. Ngati izo zimakonda zokoma ndipo ziri ndi katundu womwe mukuzifuna, ndiye zimamatirani nazo.

Chifukwa yisiti sichigawaniza mtanda wambiri (kupatula 20-30% mu nambala ya maselo mu maola 4), zomwe mumayambira ndi zomwe mumatha ndi nambala ya yisiti. Izi zingakhudze mkate mwa kuwonjezera kukoma kwa "chosautsa" ngati mutaya kwambiri mu mtanda. Mitengo yambiri ya yisiti ikuzungulira 1 - 2% ya ufa, polemera. Chotupitsa kwambiri chingapangitse mtanda kuti ukhale wathanzi ndi kumasula mpweya usanafike kuti ufa ukhale wokonzeka.

Ngati mulola kuti mtandawo ufike motalika kwambiri, udzayamba kukhala ndi yisiti kapena kununkhiza mowa ndi kulawa ndipo potsirizira pake muzimasula kapena kuphulika bwino mu uvuni ndipo mutha kutuluka. Izi si chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa maselo a yisiti, koma chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa shuga pang'ono komanso kuperewera kwa gluten kutambasula.

Chifukwa Chake Maphikidwe Amakuitanira Kuti Ndidye Yosamba

Maphikidwe ena amayamba ndi supuni ya tiyi ya yisiti, yomwe ndi 10 peresenti ya paketi ya yisiti! Maphikidwe awa amadalira kutentha kwautali kuti apange kukoma ndipo makamaka kuyamba ndi mtanda wambiri. Izi zimapangitsa yisiti kuyenda mozungulira ndikugawikana pamene michere ya ufa ikuchita chinthu chawo. Mkate monga uwu nthawi zambiri umawombedwa usiku umodzi ndipo nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi mtanda womaliza ndi yisiti yowonjezera kuti athandizidwe pomaliza.

Kusiyanitsa Pakati pa Zisamba Zosamba, Msowa Wosakaniza, ndi Chakudya Champatso cha Mkate

Kulawa ndi kuchepetsa ntchito. Mkate wosakaniza ndi wa mkate umakhala wouma mwa njira inayake kuti ulole kuti uphatikizedwe mu ufa popanda kutsimikiziridwa poyamba. Ndikopa mtengo pang'ono kuposa teknoloji yakale. Kawirikawiri, yisiti yowuma imayambitsa kukoma kosiyana, komwe anthu ena amakonda. Ndapezanso yisiti yowuma, yowonjezera pa sitolo yanga yathanzi. Momwe zimapangidwira, zimatengera pafupifupi kawiri nthawi yaitali kuti mubwererenso koma zimagwira ntchito mofanana ndi yisiti yopangidwa ndi ufa mukakhala umboni.

Chakudya cha yisiti chimaphatikizidwa mwatsopano yisiti ndipo ndifriji. Ili ndi moyo waufupi wambiri kuposa yisiti youma, koma ndimakonda kukoma kwake mu mikate yambiri ya ku Germany. Ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri ndipo ndi ovuta kupeza ku US, kotero yisiti yowuma yowonjezera; Phukusi limodzi la yisiti yowuma (tiyipiketi 2 1/2) kapena yisiti yamphongo (masupuni awiri) a keke imodzi (0.6 ozoni ku US) ndi kuwonjezera supuni kapena madzi ochulukirapo pa mtanda. Kawirikawiri, mukhoza kulowetsa yisiti limodzi, ngakhale kuti mungafune kusintha njira yoperekera. Msowa watsopano ukhoza kutsimikiziridwa ngati mukufuna, koma sindikupatsiranso kusakaniza yisiti yowuma kapena yisiti yamphongo ndi ufa mwachindunji pomwe sizimathetsa mofanana mu ufa wolimba.

• Tsambali lili ndi zokambirana zabwino za yisiti zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pophika.
• Komanso onani mafotokozedwe a yisiti a Fleishmann ndi zopangidwa ndi yisiti ya Red Star.
• Phunzirani zambiri za sayansi ya mkate mtanda

Momwe Mchere umakhudzira yisiti

Mankhwala amchere angathandize kwambiri yisiti (0.5 - 1%), pamene 1.5-2.5% mchere (mwa kulemera kwa ufa) amachititsa kuti chilemacho chisamayende bwino. Mchere ndi wofunikira kwa chakudya cha gluten, komabe, komanso kulawa. Zakudya zambiri zimapangidwa mosangalatsa ndi 2% mchere. Chochititsa chidwi, kuika shuga pamwamba pa 6% (mwa kulemera kwa ufa) kumakhudza kwambiri yisiti. Pali mtundu wapadera wa yisiti umene umagwira ntchito bwino mu ufa wokoma ndi wowawasa .

Kodi Kneading Ndi Yotani?

Kneading ndi zochepa kwambiri kwa yisiti chifukwa yisiti iyenera kukhala yogawanika atatha kusanganikirana. Amatha kutambasula ndi kutambasula gluten kuti ikhale ndi thovu la nitrogen ndi carbon dioxide. Gudda lachiwiri ndilofunika pamene mtanda ukukwera kamodzi, kuonjezera kuwonjezeka, ngakhale kuti sikungakhale njira yochuluka yowombera.

Kugunda mtanda wowawa samapweteka yisiti mwina, simungathe kuswa maselo mwanjira imeneyo. Ophika ophika azimayi amasamala pamene akusakaniza mtanda kuti kutentha sikupitirira zomwe zimafunika ndi recipe. Ophika kunyumba samada nkhaŵa kwambiri chifukwa chochepa cha ufa chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito panyumba sichifuna kusakaniza kwakukulu.