Ngati mukuganiza kuti kuphika nyama kuti mupange chakudya chamasiku a tchuthi, zingasokoneze kuti mugule mtundu wotani. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya hamsiti yogulitsidwa pamsika, ndipo khalidwe limasiyana, malinga ndi momwe zakonzedwera ndi kuphika.
Mitundu ya Ham
Hamu ndi mwendo wabulu wammbuyo (rump to shank) wa nkhumba, yomwe imasungidwa ndi kusuta kapena kuchiritsa. Hamu imapangidwa padziko lonse ndikugogomezera pazochita zamtundu, mwachitsanzo, prosciutto, speck kapena jamon serrano .
Ham kuchiritsa akhoza kukhala miyezi 8 mpaka zaka ziwiri. Nyama yosachiritsika ndi nyama yatsopano .
Pali mitundu iwiri ya nyama imene imagulitsidwa ku United States: Ham ndi dziko ham.
Mzinda wa ham wadzizidwa kapena wodwala ndi brine wopangidwa ndi madzi, mchere, phosphates, nitrites, ndipo nthawi zina, shuga. (Nitrites amawonjezera mtundu ndi kukoma.) Ambiri a hams omwe amagulitsidwa m'makampani akuluakulu agwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mankhwala a brine, omwe amachititsa kulemera kwake kwa thupi ndikuletsa mabakiteriya kukula. Kenaka amatha kuphika kapena kusuta ndi kusungidwa kuti agulitse.
Dziko lakhala lathyola ndi mchere ndi nitrates komanso lakalamba kwa miyezi ingapo mpaka zaka zitatu, malingana ndi kulemera ndi mafuta. Si nthawi zonse kusuta, ngakhale kuti Virginia ham kapena Smithfield ham, mwachindunji, amasuta ndipo amakhala okalamba kwa miyezi yosachepera 6. (Smithfield ham ndi wochokera ku nkhumba zomwe zimadya.) Nyama ham Wowuma mu maonekedwe ndi wofiira kwambiri mu mtundu ndi saltier kusiyana ndi mzinda wa ham.
Kuuma kumachiritsa ntchentche kutuluka kwa ham ndipo kumachepetsa kulemera kwa pafupifupi 20 peresenti.
Zoonjezera za Madzi
USDA imatsutsika kwambiri momwe ham iyenera kulembedwa kuti iwonetse molondola zomwe ham ili. Pamene mukugula ham, samalani mosamala chizindikiro kuti musagule ham (kapena ham mankhwala) ndi madzi ochuluka owonjezera.
Monga mwachidziwitso, madzi ochulukanso omwe akuwonjezeredwa, amatsuka pang'ono mowa. Nazi ziganizo za USDA zotsatizana ndi ham:
- Hamu yophika : Boneless ndi yophikidwa m'madzi ndipo imakonzedwa mosiyanasiyana mumtunda kapena pamtunda.
- Hamu : Mwendo wathanzi wa nkhumba uli ndi zosakwana 20.5 peresenti ya mapuloteni. Madzi owonjezeredwa amaloledwa, chifukwa cha chithandizo chamachiritso, koma ayenera kulembedwa mwadongosolo muzowonjezera.
- Ham With Natural Juices : Mapuloteni osachepera 18.5 peresenti okhala ndi 7 kapena 8 peresenti anawonjezera madzi. Mitundu yosasinthika imayimitsidwa mwamphamvu ndipo imakonzedwanso kukhala maonekedwe ozungulira.
- Hamu - Madzi Awonjezeka : 17 peresenti ya mapuloteni omwe ali ndi 10 peresenti madzi amadziwika ndi kulemera kwake, kutanthauza kuti madzi akuphatikizidwa kulemera kwake kwa ham.
- Hamu ndi Zamtundu Wamadzi : Zingakhale ndi madzi ochulukirapo ndi zowonjezera, zomwe zilipo zomwe ziyenera kulembedwa polemba chizindikiro cha nyama iliyonse yamchere yokhala ndi mapuloteni osachepera 17 peresenti.
Ham Terminology
Hams angagulitsidwe ngati onse (akutumikira anthu okwana 20), kuphatikizapo chiwindi (kumtunda kwa mwendo) ndi shank (bulu), kapena ngati theka lachitsulo (akutumizira anthu 12) kapena shank theka (akutumikira 10 kwa anthu 12). Chophimbacho ndi chovuta kwambiri kupanga, koma nyama yake ndi yabwino kwambiri komanso yokoma kuposa shank.
Hamu akhoza kukhala fupa-m'thupi (fupa limapangitsa kuti nyamayo ikhale yosangalatsa ), s imakhalabe opanda pake (fupa la mchiuno lachotsedwa), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mosavuta kuveketsa ndi kusapusa . Samalani posankha nyama yopanda phindu, monga momwe nyama yowonjezeramo ikugwiritsidwira ntchito pamodzi ndikusinthidwa kuti ikhale yoyenera.
USDA imafotokoza zinthu zina za nyama monga izi:
- Hickory-Smoked : Hamu yodwala yomwe imasungunuka pamwamba pa kuwotcha nkhuku za hickory mu smokehouse. Komabe, kusuta ndi utsi wounikira ndi kutentha kumaloledwa.
- Ochizira Ochizira : Uchi uyenera kukhala m'kalasi ya C kapena pamwamba kapena uli ndi zolemera 80 peresenti. Uchi ukhoza kukhala wothandizira wokoma wokha kapena wothandizira ndi 50 peresenti ya wothandizira wokoma. Uchi ukhoza kugwiritsidwanso ntchito makamaka popangira mtundu wa ham.
- Ochiritsidwa : Zosungunuka ndi nzimbe kapena shuga la beet kapena kuphatikiza ndi wothandizira wokoma kwambiri omwe ndi osachepera 50 peresenti ya shuga amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Nyamayi imatha kutchulidwa kuti shuga amachiritsidwa ngati shuga ndi wokwanira kapena amakongoletsa ham.
- Kuphika Kwambiri : Nyamayi yophikidwa mokwanira pakukhazikitsidwa komwe idakonzedweratu. Ikhoza kudyedwa kuchokera phukusi kapena kubwezeretsedwa kufika 145 ° F. Amatchedwanso "wokonzeka kudya" ndi "kudya ndi kutumikira".
- Kuphika Musanayambe Kudya : Nyama siidaphika kapena kutenthedwa muchithunzi chokonzekera ndipo imayenera kuphikidwa ku kutentha kwa mkati mwa 145 ° F musanayambe kudya.