Kale, "Grünkohl" m'Chijeremani ( Brassica oleracea convar acéphala var. Sabéllica , ndi mtundu wa kabichi umene sungakhale mutu) M'malo mwake, umamera masamba osungunuka kwambiri pamtengo wowoneka. ndi "Federkohl" kapena kabichi kabichi.
Akuluakulu ku Mediterranean ndi Agiriki ndi Aroma, kale anakhala chakudya chofunikira ku Germany ndi Middle Ages. Anapatsa vitamini C m'nyengo yozizira kwa anthu ambiri, ndi osavuta kukula ndi kuzizira mpaka pafupifupi 10 ° F (-15 ° C).
Bzalidwa mu June, ikhoza kukolola m'nyengo yozizira, kuyambira October mpaka April. Kutenthedwa kwa utentha kumawonjezera ngakhale kukoma kwake.
Mbiri ya Kale ku Germany
Ngakhale kuti "Grünkohl" adali chakudya chamtengo wapatali mu nthawi zachiroma, ndiye kuti chakudya cha munthu wosauka kwa kanthaŵi, tsopano chakhala chodyera nthawi zonse. Kumpoto kwa Germany, "Grün-" kapena "Braunkohl" yafika pampando waumulungu. Amadziwikanso kuti "Blätterkohl," "Krauskohl," "Fedekohl," "Winterkohl," "geschlitzter Kohl" ndi "friesische-" kapena "Oldenburger Palme" (tsamba kabichi, kabichi wosakanizika, nthenga kabichi, kabichi yozizira, kabichi ndi mgwalangwa wa ku Frisian kapena Oldenburger).
Makamaka ku Bremen, koma m'madera ambiri, a Lower Saxony (Hannover ku Braunschweig), "Grünkohl" amadziwika bwino kuti "Braunkohl." Pali zifukwa zitatu zomwe zingatheke. Choyamba ndi chakuti mukakophika kale, zimakhala zofiira. Chachiwiri ndi chakuti simukuyenera kukolola kale mpaka masamba akunja asanduke bulauni.
Chifukwa chachitatu chikhoza kukhala chakuti mtundu wa violet omwe kale amapezeka umawoneka wobiriwira-wobiriwira.
Bremen ndi Oldenburg akumenyana chaka chilichonse ngati "mwapadera" "Grünkohl" ("Braunkohl") ndi amodzi mwa iwo kuposa wina. Bremen ali ndi chikhalidwe chakale kwambiri chotsimikiziridwa. Kuchokera mu 1545 akhala akugwiritsira ntchito "Grünkohlessen" (kale chakudya chamadzulo).
Ku Hereford (North Rhine-Westphalia) kale amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukongoletsa tchalitchi cha Radewig mmalo mwa nthambi za pine mu sabata lachiwiri la Advent. Wachikondi anamwalira mu 1590 AD ndipo anasiya chuma chake ku tchalitchi, koma adafunsa kuti chikondwerero cha pachaka chikuchitika ndi Mass, nyimbo ndi chakudya chamadzulo.
Grünkohlessen - Momwe Mungakhalire ndi Kala Dinner Party
Kumunsi kwa Saxony, kale kawirikawiri amaphika ndi nyama yankhumba , German Kasseler (ham) ndi "Pinkel" kapena "Bregenwurst". Pinkel ndi mtundu wa soseji womwe umatumikiridwa ndi kale. Lili ndi nyama yankhumba, zipatso za balere, ng'ombe ya ng'ombe, nyama ya nkhumba, anyezi, mchere, tsabola, ndi allspice. Mawu akuti "Pinkel" angachoke ku mawu a Platte German omwe amatanthauza kuti matumbo a ng'ombe, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito monga zojambula. "Bregenwurst" amatanthauza soseji ya ubongo, ngakhale masiku ano palibe ubongo wa njuchi imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu soseji. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi nkhumba, mimba ya nkhumba, anyezi, mchere ndi tsabola. Mitundu yonse ya soseji ikhoza kusuta kapena kuphika. Mukayikidwa pamwamba pa kale kuti itenthe, nthawi zambiri amazembedwa ndi mphanda kuti mabalawo azikhala okoma.
Mitundu ina ya soseji imagwiritsidwa ntchito kunja kwa Lower Saxony. West Phalia amapanga fungo la "Mettwurst" lomwe ndi nyemba kapena nkhumba (koma osati nyama yankhumba) , ndi "Kohlwurst," mapapu ndi nkhumba, soseji yomwe imasungidwa ndi mbewu ya mpiru, allspice, thyme, marjoram, ndi anyezi, monga komanso nkhumba mimba.
Kumwera kwa Germany ndi Austria alibe zofunikira zawo kapena miyambo yawo yakale. Anthu ambiri amakonda kuwonjezera "Kochwurst," mawu omveka omwe amapanga mankhwala opangidwa ndi zophikira zisanayambe.
Zomera zimaphika kwa ora kapena kuposerapo, mitundu yonse itatu ya nyama (nyama yankhumba, nyama, ndi soseji) imayikidwa pamwamba ndipo chakudya chamadzulo chimakhala champhongo kwa nthawi yayitali. Nthawi yeniyeni ya nthawi imasiyanasiyana ndi nyumba ndi dera. Zakudya zapadera zimaperekedwa ndi mbatata zophika ndipo anthu ena amaumirira mbatata, zomwe zimaphika ndi kuzidula, kenako amawotchedwa mu mafuta ndi shuga, mpaka kunja kumatulutsidwa.
"Kohlfahrt"
Kohlfahrt ndi ulendo waulendo wopita kumidzi komwe amadya chakudya chamadzulo, nthawi yamadzulo ndipo masewera ambiri "amasangalatsa" amasewera, nthawi zambiri amamwa mowa.
Mpaka posachedwa, uwu unali ulendo wa amuna ndipo ndi gulu la amalonda okha. Kuchokera m'zaka za m'ma 1800 ndi gulu la anthu ogwira ntchito, chiwerengero cha "Kohlfahrten" chinakonzedwa. Akazi sanalowe nawo maulendowa kufikira zaka za m'ma 1920 ndi 30, zomwe sizinkawoneka ngati zabwino.
"Boßeln" ndi "Klootschießen" ndi masewera ofanana kwambiri omwe amasewera akuyenda m'midzi. Mungathe kufotokozera "Boßeln" ngati Bocce mtunda wamtunda wautali. Osewera amatenga chingwe pakadutsa kumene akuyenda ndikuponya mpira kutsogolo kwake. Mmodzi wosewera mpira kapena timu kuti atenge mpira wawo m'deralo kuti apambane. Nthawi zina zimapindula potaya mtunda wautali kwambiri. Pali kusiyana kwakukulu kwa masewerawa, pamasamba kapena m'misewu yopangidwa.
Masewera amkati angaphatikizepo "Schweinerei" (Pasani Nkhumba) ndi masewera ena kapena makhadi. Pa "Grünkohlfahrt" mfumu kapena banja lachifumu imavala korona. Wopambana amasankhidwa ndi 1) voti yotchuka, 2) kulemera kwake kunapindula panthawi ya chakudya, kapena 3) omwe (angakhale) atapambana masewera ambiri panthawi yomwe akupita. Malamulo onse oti apambane amachitiridwa chinsinsi ndipo sayenera kutengedwa mozama. Mfumu ikhoza kuvekedwa korona ndi kukhala womaliza patebulo. Aliyense amene wapambana udindo ndiye akuyang'anira kukonzekera ulendo wa kumunda kwa chaka chamawa.
M'madera ena a Germany, kumene kuli zambiri za kale, "Kohlkönig" (kabichi mfumu) ndi ulemu wapadziko lonse. Ambiri mwa ndale adalandira ulemu, kuphatikizapo Helmut Kohl ku Bonn 1984, Otto Schilly mu 1999 ku Berlin ndi Guido Westerwelle monga 46 "Grünkohlkönig" ku Oldenburg.
Kugula kwa Kale
Mukamagula kale, onetsetsani kuti masambawa ndi obiriwira (pafupifupi ofiira), okongoletsera, okwanira komanso osaliatali. Ayenera kumverera mwachibwibwi ndipo alibe mawanga pa iwo.
Kugwiritsa Kale
Kuti mugwiritse ntchito zatsopano, lolani kuti zilowerere maminiti pang'ono m'madzi ndi viniga wosakaniza. Izi zimathandiza kumasula dothi ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe angakhale nawo. Chotsani mapesi ndikuwaza masamba kukhala nthiti (ngati chiffonade ) kapena zidutswa zing'onozing'ono. Gwiritsani ntchito yaiwisi, mu saladi, yowonongeka ngati mbale yowonongeka, kapena yophika kwa nthawi yaitali mu maphikidwe achijeremani.
Mukamaliza kuphika, zimamveka ngati sulufule kapena ngati mazira ovunda. Izi ndi chifukwa kuphika kumasula mamolekyu a sulfure kuchokera ku mamolekyu a shuga. Anthu ena amalandira kununkhiza, ena samawazoloŵera.
Kale yophika imayenda bwino ndi nyama yankhumba ndi zakudya zomwe zimasuta. Mu zakudya za ku Germany, zimayamwa ndi mafuta a mphutsi, mpiru, mchere, ndi shuga. Nthawi zina zimakhala zowonjezera kapena zowonjezera.
Kale Kusungirako
Sambani kale, yaniwume ndi kuisunga mu bulu la masamba mufiriji kwa masiku angapo. Dziwani kuti ngati mutagulitsa, mavitamini ambiri amatha ndipo kusintha kwake kumasintha.
Zosungunuka Kale
Blanch mu madzi amchere kwa mphindi ziwiri. Sungani bwino musanayambe kunyamula ndi kuzizira.
Kale ndi ma vitamini A ndi C ndi B6. Imakhalanso ndi iron, phosphorous, potaziyamu ndipo imakhala ndi calcium yambiri. Ndipotu, imakhala ndi kashiamu kawiri kuposa mkaka, ounce pa ounce
Komanso: Kale, Brassica oleracea convar. acéphala var. Sabéllica, Blätterkohl, Krauskohl, Fedekohl, Winterkohl, geschlitzter Kohl, friesische- kapena Oldenburger Palme (tsamba kabichi, kabichi wonyezimira, kabichi wakuda, kabichi yozizira, kabichi wofiira ndi mtengo wa mgulu wa Frisian kapena wa Oldenburger), Braunkohl