Phylloxera ndi mtundu wa aphid, womwe umayambitsa mizu ya Vitis vinifera , mofanana ndi momwe aphid amachitira ndi zomera za masamba a tomato ndi masamba. Kamodzi kodzala ndi phylloxera mouse, mizu ya mpesa ikhoza kukhala yofooka kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti chomeracho chisamalire madzi ndi zakudya zofunikira kuti zikhale ndi mpesa.
Chotsatira chomaliza cha phylloxera chimadalira mtundu wa nthaka yomwe mpesa ikukulamo. Khalani ndi nthaka ya dongo ndipo mpesa ndi chotupitsa; Nthaka yamchenga ndi mpesa zimakhala ndi mwayi wopulumuka chiwopsezo cha phylloxera, chifukwa cha madzi abwino komanso malo osadziwika kuti kachilombo ka phylloxera kakula.
Tsoka Ndi Phylloxera
Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, phylloxera infestation inakhala mliri ku France ndi ambiri a ku Ulaya, kuwononga magawo awiri mwa magawo atatu a mphesa za makontinenti. Mibadwo yambiri ya ogulitsa vinyo inang'ambika ndikuwotcha mipesa yolandira miyendo mwaukali pofuna kuyesa kuthetsa mliriwu. Zowopsya zinayikidwa ndipo zothetsera mayankho zinkafufuzidwa kwambiri. Zodabwitsa, zonse zoyamba ndi zotsatira zowonongeka ku Ulaya zinachokera ku North America. Pambuyo pa kufufuza kwakukulu, zinatsimikiziridwa kuti mankhwala a phylloxera amachokera ku US, ngakhale mbadwa za Mipesa za America zinali zosagonjetsedwa ndi matendawa.
Ndikumenyana kotere komwe kukanatha kukhazikitsidwa kuti pakhale njira yothetsera mavuto a ku Ulaya a phylloxera.
Zomera zachilengedwe
Ochita kafukufuku anapeza kuti pophatikiza mphesa ya ku Ulaya pazitsamba za ku America, akhoza kulimbikitsa kuti Phylloxera ikhale yosadya pazitsamba za mpesa pamene adzalandira zamoyo zoyambirira za mpesa.
Mwa kulola mpesa kukhalabe ndi khalidwe lachibadwa ndi khalidwe lomwe lili ndi mizu yotsutsa kwambiri, mbadwo watsopano wa mipesa idzapangidwira bwino. Kupeza mwachangu kumeneku kunachititsa ogulitsa kuchita ntchito yaikulu yochotsa minda yonse ya mpesa ndi kuikamo mipesa yokhazikika. Odzola a ku Old World anakakamizika kusankha mipesa yawo yayikulu kuti iphatikize ku mizu ya mizu, yomwe imalimbikitsa khalidwe lonse ku continent.
Ndondomeko ya Silver Yopanda Mwadzidzidzi ya Phylloxera
Mwamsanga-kupita patsogolo zaka zana ndipo maudindo a m'deralo akusinthidwa. M'zaka za m'ma 1980, mipesa ya California inayambitsidwa ndi mphamvu ya Phylloxera. Kudziwa zothetsera vutoli ndi njira yokhayo yokhayokha, olima ankadzilimbitsa okha chifukwa cha ndalama zowonjezereka zowonjezera chitsa cha phylloxera. Pokhala ndi madola oposa madola biliyoni m'minda yatsopano, ojambula a California akugunda bwino botani lokonzanso ndipo adzalima ndi cholinga. Mitengo ya mphesa idalowedwanso nyengo ndi dothi lomwe linkawathandiza kuti zikhale zofunikira. Siliva yogona? Vinyo wabwino, ndalama zochepetsera ogula, ndi kafukufuku wopitirira chifukwa cha pesky phylloxera.