Pali zakudya zokhala ndi yisiti zokha zomwe mukufuna: ufa, yisiti, madzi, ndi mchere. Zosakaniza zina zonse ndizo zowonjezera kukoma, zakudya, mtundu, ndikusintha makhalidwe ake. Kuti mukhale wophika mkate wophika mkate, muyenera kumvetsa pang'ono za sayansi ya momwe izi zimagwirizanirana kupanga mawonekedwe a airy, mkate wowala ndi kukoma kwake kosalala. Nazi zomwe yisiti mkate wothandizira mumachita kumenyana kapena mtanda:
Maluwa
Mpunga umapangidwira ntchito. Gluten, kapena mapuloteni, mu ufa, amaphatikiza kupanga webusaiti yomwe imamangirira mpweya ndi mpweya. Wowonjezera mu ufa umawotchera kuwonjezera ndi kuthandizira kapangidwe kawo. Mu mikate yopatsa yisiti , timafuna zakudya zamtundu wa gluten, chifukwa zimapanga ukonde wambiri womwe umawombera carbon dioxide ndi nthunzi panthawi ya kuphika, kuti apereke mkate (wotchedwanso 'crumb'). Mafuta ndi shuga amathandiza kuteteza gluten. Pali shuga yosavuta yomwe imapezeka mu ufa, yomwe imadyetsa yisiti. Kotero ngati muli ndi chophika cha mkate wopanda gwero la shuga, ndizobwino - yisiti idzakhala nayo yokwanira 'kudya' kuchokera ku ufa. Nthawi yowonjezereka idzakhala yaitali.
Chakudya cha mkate ndi ufa wambiri wa mapuloteni, ndipo umatulutsa mkate umene uli ndipamwamba kwambiri chifukwa uli ndi gluten wambiri. Mikate yopangidwa ndi ufa wa mkate imapuma kwa mphindi khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri mutatsala pang'ono kupanga mapangidwewo kuti gluten imatulutsira pang'ono ndipo mtanda ndi wosavuta kugwira ntchito.
Fungo lopangidwa ndi cholinga chonse limagwirira ntchito zabwino kwambiri. Mbeu zonse sizikhala ndi gluten wochuluka chifukwa pali zinthu zina monga branchi ndi nyongolosi zomwe zimakhala pakati pa mamolekyu a gluten. Nkhosa zonse zimakhala pamodzi ndi mkate kapena ufa wokhala ndi cholinga chokhalira bwino.
Mafuta
Zovala zamatundu zamatundu zam'kolulu kuti asagwirizane mosavuta, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti thupi likhale lachikondi.
Chakudya cha yisiti chomwe chimakhala ndi mafuta ochulukirapo ndi ufa, sichikwera pamwamba, ndipo chimakhala ndi pakamwa kwambiri. Mafuta amaperekanso kukoma kwa mkate, ndipo amathandizira mkate bulauni pamene akuphika.
Shuga
Shuga imapatsa chisangalalo, komanso zimapangitsa kuti mankhwalawa awonongeke. Ntchito yaikulu ya shuga mu mikate ya yisiti ndiyo kupereka chakudya cha yisiti. Monga yisiti ikukula ndikuchulukitsa, imagwiritsa ntchito shuga, kupanga mapulogalamu a carbon dioxide ndi mowa, zomwe zimapatsa mkate kukoma kwake. Shuga amachititsa kuti mkate usapangidwe. Shuga imapanganso chinyezi mu mankhwala omaliza.
Mazira
Mazira ndi wothandizira chotupitsa ndipo yolks amawonjezera mafuta kuti aziwoneka bwino. Mphuno imakhalanso ngati emulsifier kuti ikhale yosalala komanso yosakanikirana muzogwiritsidwa ntchito. Mazira ambiri akamagwiritsidwa ntchito, amathandiza kuti mankhwalawa athere.
Zamadzi
Zamadzimadzi zimathandiza kunyamula zokometsera zokhazokha, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi gluten, komanso zimagwira ntchito pamodzi ndi starch m'kati mwa mapuloteni kuti akhale ndi mphamvu koma yowala. Zamadzimadzi zimakhalanso ngati nthunzi panthawi yophika, zomwe zimawathandiza kukhala okoma mtima. Yiti imasowa madzi kuti imere, kubereka, kuchulukitsa, ndi kupanga mapangidwe omwe amachititsa kuti mkate ufike.
Mchere
Mchere umalimbikitsa gluten, ndipo umaphatikizapo kukoma. Mchere wowonjezera. Mu mikate ya yisiti, mchere umathandiza kuchepetsa zotsatira za yisiti kuti mkate usafulumire mofulumira.
Yiti
Chotupitsa ndi chomera chokhala ndi chipinda chimodzi, chomwe chimapezeka mu mawonekedwe owuma, kuphatikizapo, ndi mikate yamoyo. Mu mkate wa yisiti, yisiti imakula ndikukula pogwiritsira ntchito shuga ndi madzi omwe alipo, kupereka carbon dioxide ndi ethyl mowa (fermentation). Malingana ngati mpweya ulipo, yisiti ikuwonjezeka.
Mu maphikidwe a mkate komwe mkate umatuluka kachiwiri, umauzidwa kuti 'uponye pansi' mtandawo. Izi zimaphwanya timagulu ting'onoting'ono kapena maselo a yisiti kuti athe kuyanjana ndi mpweya ndi chakudya, chifukwa chake kuwonjezeka kwachiwiri kumakhala kochepa kuposa kukwera koyamba.
Pamene ndikhoza kupeza mikate yamoyo, ndimakonda kuigwiritsa ntchito chifukwa ndikuganiza kuti kukoma kwake kuli bwino.
Komabe, yisiti yawonongeka mofulumira kwambiri, kotero ndikuyesera kuigwiritsa ntchito tsiku lomwe ndikugula. Mukhoza kufalitsa yisiti ya yisiti. Chisankho changa chachiwiri ndi yisiti yowuma, yomwe ndimamva kuti ili ndi kukoma kopambana kuposa momwemo. Chakudya chosafulumirachi chakhala chikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo chimaphatikizidwa ndi chakudya chake, chifukwa chimatsitsimutsanso ndipo chimayamba kugwira ntchito nthawi yomweyo mukasakaniza ndi madzi. Chotupitsa chimenechi ndi chosavuta, koma chifukwa chakuti nyamuka imakhala yofulumira, sizingawonongeke kwambiri kuchokera ku nayonso mphamvu.
Zakudya za Sourdough zimadalira yisiti ndi bakiteriya zoyambira (zosakaniza za ufa, yisiti, madzi, mabakiteriya) kuti azipereka kukoma kokoma. Mabakiteriya amachepetsa pH ya chisakanizo cha mkate, chomwe chimawonjezera kukoma kwake. Popeza mkatewo ndi wochuluka kwambiri (pansi pH), mkate umenewu umakhala wotalika kuposa mkate wamba wa yisiti. Mukhoza kuyambira mukhitchini yanu popanda kuwonjezera yisiti ngati mukhala ndi yisiti yophika mikate, chifukwa maselo a yisiti ali mukhitchini yanu. Ngati mwatsopano kuti mugwire ntchito ndi yisiti, komani yonjezerani yisiti kuti muyambe.
Ndipo apa pali mfundo yosangalatsa: Mkate wa San Francisco Sourdough ukhoza kupangidwa ku San Fransisco! Asayansi adapeza kuti mabakiteriya m'chakudyacho anali oyamba kuderalo, ndipo nyama yonyamulira ku San Francisco ndiyo mtundu wokha umene ungamakula ndi mabakiteriya apadera. Zosakaniza zimapangidwa mumzindawu ndi kutumizidwa kumadera ena a dziko kuti muthe kupanga San Francisco udzu wobiriwira m'nyumba mwanu, koma mabakiteriya apadera ndi yisiti simungakule mukhitchini yanu, monga momwe amachitira kwa oyambira oyambira.