Pitirizani Banja Lanu Kukhala Losauka Ndiponso Lathanzi
Chitetezo cha zakudya ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri pakuphika. Ziribe kanthu momwe zokondweretsa kapena zovuta zanuzo ndizo: ngati chakudya chimawapangitsa anthu kudwala chifukwa cha kuphika kosayenera kapena kuchitapo kanthu, zonse zomwe mukuchita zidzawonongeka. Simungathe kudziwa ngati chakudya chili choyenera kudya ndi momwe chikuwonekera kapena chimakonda. Kusungirako bwino, kuphika ndi kusamalira ndi njira zokha zowonetsetsera chakudya chokhazikika.
Chidziwitso cha Kuteteza Zakudya
USDA ikugwiritsa ntchito mawu anayi osavuta kukuthandizani kukumbukira malamulo a chitetezo cha chakudya.
Iwo ndi Cook, Osiyana, Oyera, Oyera . Tiyeni tiphunzire za nthawi iliyonse.
- Kuphika chakudya kumatentha otetezeka mkati kuti muwononge mabakiteriya aliwonse owopsa. Kutetezeka kwa nyama ya pansi kwakhala kukumbukira kwambiri posachedwapa, ndipo ndi chifukwa chabwino. Pamene nyama ili pansi, mabakiteriya omwe ali pamwamba, kawirikawiri E. coli kapena Salmonella, amasakanizidwa mumsanganizo wonse. Ngati nyamayi sichiphika mpaka 160 mpaka 165 digrii, mabakiteriya sangathe kuwonongeka ndipo muli ndi mwayi wodwala. Ad kutsimikiza kuti mukugwiritsa ntchito thermometer molondola! Pofuna nyama ya patties yopangidwa kuchokera ku nyama ya pansi, ikani thermometer kuchokera kumtunda, osati pamwamba, ndi kutsimikiza kuti nsonga ya thermometer imalowa mkatikati mwa nyama.
Pakatikati mwa nyama zowonjezera monga steaks ndi chops mulibe mabakiteriya owopsa, kotero akhoza kuphikidwa sing'anga. Komabe, yodulidwa iliyonse yophika nkhumba iyenera kuphikidwa ku kutentha kwa mkati mwa osachepera 145 madigiri (sing'onoting'ono kawirikawiri). Kutentha kotetezeka kwa nkhuku ndi madigiri 180. Ndipo mabala olimba a nkhumba ayenera kuphikidwa ku madigiri 160. Mazira ayenera kuphikidwa bwino. (Pepani - mazira ophweka si abwino kwa inu!) Ngati mukupanga meringue kapena njira ina yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mazira osaphika, mugulitse mazira osakanizidwa kapena mugwiritsire ntchito ufa wokonzedwa bwino.
Ndangophunzira kuchokera kwa aprofesa angapo ku yunivesite ya Minnesota, chifukwa nkhuku sizingathe kuchitidwa chimodzimodzi ndi nyama yofiira. Nkhuku ziyenera kuphikidwa bwino, kupitilira, popanda pinkness, komanso kutentha kwa mkati mwa madigiri 170. Nyama ya nkhuku ndi yochepa kwambiri kuposa nkhumba kapena nkhumba, ndipo zimakhala zosavuta kuti mabakiteriya aziyenda mthupi. Komanso, kukonza nkhuku ndi njira yowonongeka kwambiri kusiyana ndi kukonza njuchi kapena nkhumba, ndipo mabakiteriya nthawi zambiri amafalikira mu mbalame yonseyo. Choncho kumbukirani kuti nkhuku nthawi zonse zimaphikidwa bwino.
Pano pali zambiri kuchokera ku USDA: "Omwe ali ndi mafunso okhudzana ndi chitetezo cha chakudya angathe kuitanitsa foni ya USDA Nyama ndi Nkhuku pa 1-800-535-4555. Mutharika akhoza kufikira kuyambira 10am mpaka 4pm (Nthawi ya Kummawa) Lolemba mpaka Lachisanu , ndipo analemba mauthenga otetezera chakudya alipo maola 24 pa tsiku. "
- Idyani chakudya chophika ndi chosaphika, komanso zakudya zomwe amadya yaiwisi ndi zomwe zophikidwa musadye. Kusokonezeka kwapakati kumapezeka pamene nyama kapena mazira opangidwa akudya amakumana ndi zakudya zomwe zidzadye zosadyedwa. Ichi ndi gwero lalikulu la poizoni wa chakudya. Nthawi zonse ndimavala nyama zofiira ndi kuziyika pazitsefu zotsika kwambiri m'firiji kotero kuti palibe njira zowonjezera zowonjezera madzi. Gwiritsani ntchito nyama zosafunika mkati mwa masiku 1-2 ogula, kapena muzimangika kwa nthawi yaitali yosungirako.
Mukamawotcha kapena kuphika nyama yaiwisi kapena nsomba, onetsetsani kuti mugwiritsa ntchito mbale yoyera kuti mugwiritse zakudyazo mutatha kudya. Musagwiritse ntchito mbale imodzi yomwe mumanyamula chakudya chofiira ku grill! Ndimatsuka zipilala zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito povinya chakudya chitatha nthawi yowonjezera, komanso spatula ndi zikho zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokopa kapena kutembenuka nyama monga kuphika.
Onetsetsani kusamba m'manja mutatha kulandira nyama yaiwisi kapena mazira yaiwisi. Ndikawona wophika kapena wojambula pawonesi yopanga TV akugwira nyama yaiwisi kapena mazira opsa, ndikupukuta manja pa thaulo musanayambe kukonzekera saladi kapena zipatso zatsopano, ndimangotopa. Ndikofunika kwambiri kusamba manja ndi sopo kapena madzi kapena fetereza ya antibacterial premoistened mutatha kugwira nyama yaiwisi kapena mazira yaiwisi kuti muteteze kuipitsidwa.
Pitani ku tsamba lotsatira kuti mudziwe za kuyeretsa ndi kunyezimira.
Tsopano kuti mumvetsetsa za kuphika chakudya moyenera komanso kulekanitsa zinthu zophika ndi zopanda chofukizira musanayambe kuphika komanso mutaphika, ndi nthawi yoti mupitirire mpaka kumapeto awiri.
- Kuyeretsa ndi gawo lalikulu la chitetezo cha zakudya. Sambani manja anu ndi malo omwe mukugwira ntchito nthawi zambiri mukakophika, mutapuma mphuno zanu, mumakhala ku bafa, mumagwira pakhomo, kapena mutasintha. Sopo wakale ndi madzi ndi othandiza kwambiri. Ngati mukuyimba pang'onopang'ono vesi la "Happy Birthday To You" pamene mukusamba manja anu, muwasambitsanso kwa nthawi yoyenera. Ngati mukuphika munthu yemwe ali ndi mimba, ali wamng'ono kapena wamkulu, ali ndi matenda aakulu, kapena chitetezo chogonjetsa chitetezo cha thupi, sankhani sopo ndi makhalidwe apamwamba kwambiri oletsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Ndimasamba manja 20-30 nthawi ndikuphika, ndipo ntchito zanga zimatsuka nthawi zambiri. Ndimasamba nkhuni, zikho, ndi spatula pamene atakhudza nyama zomwe sizinawidwe kapena mazira. Ndimakonda kugwiritsa ntchito mapepala apilisi kuti ndiwume manja anga ndi ma countertops. Amangochotsedwa mosavuta ndipo samanyamula mabakiteriya kumalo ena. Chizoloŵezi chimenecho chikhoza kukhala chosalongosoka kwa chilengedwe, koma ine ndikuchichitabe_ndipo palibe yemwe anayamba wakhalapo ndi kudya poizoni chakudya kunyumba kwanga.
Njira imodzi yopewera kusokonezeka ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mbale yaikulu kudula nyama zakuda. Nyama ikonzekera ndikuphika, ikani mbaleyo mwachindunji, komanso ziwiya zilizonse zomwe zimakonzekera nyama.
- Kudya chakudya n'kofunika kwambiri. Malo oopsa omwe mabakiteriya monga E. coli ndi Salmonella amachulukitsa ali pakati pa 40 ndi 140 Fahrenheit. Firiji yanu iyenera kukhala madigiri 40 Fahrenheit kapena pansi; Freezer yanu iyenera kukhala madigiri 0 Fahrenheit kapena pansi. Pano pali lamulo losavuta: Kutumikira zakudya zotentha, kuzizira zakudya zozizira . Gwiritsani ntchito zophika mbale kapena mbale zotentha kuti muzisunga chakudya mutatumikira. Gwiritsani ntchito malo osambira a madzi oundana kuti zakudya zoziziritsa zikhale ozizira. Musalole chakudya chilichonse kukhala pansi kutentha kwa maola oposa 2 - 1 ora ngati kutentha kwapakati ndi madigiri 80 Fahrenheit kapena pamwamba.
Mukamanyamula pikisitiki, onetsetsani kuti zakudyazo zakhala zikuzizira pamene akupita kumalo osokonezeka. Nthendayi siidzetsa chakudya - chimapangitsa kuti chakudya chikhale chozizira pamene chodzaza ndi ayezi. Chakudya chophika chophika chiyenera kuikidwa m'makina osaya, ophimbidwa, ndipo nthawi yomweyo firiji kuti azizizira mofulumira.
Nazi zokhudzana zofunika zokhudzana ndi chitetezo cha chakudya:
- Chikumbutso Chakudya Chokumbukira Chakudya
- Zosakaniza Zophika Zofunikira Zophika Phunziro Phunziro
- Chiwopsezo Chakudya Chakudya (chosatsutsika: Ndine mkonzi wa tsamba ili, lomwe likuwunikira mfundo za chitetezo cha chakudya ndikulemba zonse zomwe zikukumbukira ndi zosintha.)
Pitani ku tsamba lotsatila kuti mukaphunzire za ndondomeko zopuma mphamvu.
Nanga Bwanji Pogwiritsa Ntchito Mphamvu?
Ngati mphamvu ikupita panyumba panu, tsatirani malamulo oyendetsera chitetezo cha zakudya. Chakudya chosawonongeka ndi otetezeka kutentha kwa maola awiri pamene kutentha kuli pansi madigiri 80 F. Pakati pa kutentha, muli ndi ola limodzi lokha musanayambe kudya mabakiteriya.
Sungani firiji ndi friji yanu yotsekedwa. Tsegulani zitseko monga momwe zingathere. Firiji yosatsegulidwa ayenera kusunga zakudya kuzizira kwa maola anai; mudzafunikanso kuyesa chinthu chilichonse payekha pamene mphamvu ikubwerera.
Mafiriji omwe ali theka labwino ayenera kusunga zakudya zowonongeka kwa maola 24; mpweya wabwino umayenera kusunga zakudya zowonongeka kwa maora 48. Mukhoza kuphimba friji ndi fereji ndi mabulangete wandiweyani kuti muyese kuwasungira ndi kuwasunga ngati ozizira. Kwa maulendo aatali, mukhoza kuyesa kupeza madzi oundana owuma kuti mubwerere mufiriji yanu, koma muyenera kusamala kuti muthane.
Ngati magetsi amatha maola oposa 4, chotsani mkaka, nyama, ndi mkaka ku firiji ndikuzigwiritsanso m'malo ozizira kwambiri.
Kupeza kanthawi kowerengera chakudya cha thermometer n'kofunika kudziwitsa chitetezo cha chakudya mutatha mphamvu. Ngati mafirijiwa ali pansi pa madigiri 40, ayenera kukhala otetezeka. Onetsetsani kuti zakudya zowonongeka zimakhala ndi makina osungunuka a ayisikili ndipo zikuoneka kuti kutentha kwawo kuli pansi pa madigiri 40. Mutha kuwonetsa zakudya izi, koma padzakhala zina zotayika.
Ndipo kumbukirani lamulo lofunika kwambiri: Pamene mukukaikira, tulutsani kunja.
Ndalama zonse zomwe mungapindule mwa kusunga chakudya chokayikitsa zidzakuthandizani zambiri ponena za ngongole za dokotala ndi chipatala ngati wina akudwala.
Kumbukirani kuti kuphika panja pamene kutuluka kwa mphamvu pamagetsi anu kapena grill ndi njira yabwino yosungiramo kutentha mkati mwa nyumba yanu mozizira.
Pano pali zambiri zofunika: onetsetsani nthawi zomwe mumagulitsa ndikuuza ogulitsa sitolo ngati mukuwona zakudya zilizonse zowonjezera pa alumali. Musayambe kudutsa pakati pa golosale ndi mafiriji anu kapena firiji panyumba. Musagwiritsire ntchito chakudya mu zitini zomwe zikuwombera, zowononga, zophika kapena zopota. Thirani zakudya m'firiji. Bweretsani msuzi zonse zam'chitini ndi gravies ku chithupsa chisanafike.
Musatumikire chakudya muzakudya zopanda chakudya !! Zinthu monga miphika ya maluwa ndi zinyalala (chifukwa cha Kitty Litter Cake (ndipo panthawi yomwe ndimagwiritsa ntchito poto yaikulu yozizira) ndingagwiritsire ntchito ngati chidebe choyamba chikukhala bwino ndi chakudya, kapena mapepala angapo a pulasitiki. Sizinangokhala zokhazokha zomwe zimapangidwa ndi kutsogolera, koma zimatha kupiritsidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'nyumbamo yosungiramo katundu. Khalani otetezeka ndikusankha mbale zophika chakudya.
Ngati mumaphunzira mfundoyi, kusamalira chakudya moyenera kudzakhala gawo lanu la kakhitchini. Iwo ndi chikhalidwe chachiwiri kwa ine! Ndipo ndimakonda kuphika ndi kusangalatsa kwambiri chifukwa ndikudziwa kuti ndachita zonse zomwe ndingathe kuti nditsimikizire kuti zakudya zomwe ndimapatsa banja ndi anzanga zili bwino.
~ Linda